International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 2025, Vol.15, No.5, 228-238 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 234 Psychological care should not be ignored either. The epidemic and the vaccination process may make the elderly more anxious, depressed or lonely. Through methods such as psychological counseling, emotional soothing and promoting social connections, their negative emotions can be alleviated and their psychological state can be improved (Grolli et al., 2021). Nurses play a crucial role in detecting psychological changes in the elderly and providing timely support, which helps maintain their overall health. 6.3 Long-term follow-up and data recording For the elderly, especially those with chronic diseases, their health conditions need to be tracked and observed for a long time after they receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Regular follow-up should include adverse reactions related to vaccines, methods for handling persistent symptoms, and suggestions for enhanced protection. Adopting planned follow-up methods, such as phone follow-ups and arranging follow-up visits, can help detect health abnormalities early and ensure uninterrupted care (Zheng et al., 2020). Make complete data records. Through these records, you can understand the patient's recovery status, identify common problems, and provide a basis for subsequent care plans. Accurate filling of vaccination status, adverse reactions and follow-up results can help the medical team evaluate the nursing effect and also provide information support for public health monitoring work. This systematic approach helps to enhance the level of care services for the elderly during and after the epidemic and promotes the implementation of evidence-based care work. 7 Current Status and Limitations of COVID-19 Vaccine Research 7.1 Comparison of research progress at home and abroad Both domestic and international studies have shown that the COVID-19 vaccine is effective and generally safe for elderly patients, including those with hypertension and other chronic diseases. In China, large-scale cross-sectional surveys and cohort studies have shown that the vaccination rate among elderly patients with hypertension is very high. In some areas, the full vaccination rate exceeds 75%, but the booster vaccination rate is not good enough, especially among patients with multiple risk factors or chronic diseases (Liu et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2024). Domestic studies have also focused on the immune response efficacy and safety of inactivated vaccines in elderly patients with chronic diseases. The results showed that compared with the healthy control group, the antibody response produced by inactivated vaccines was not bad, and the probability of adverse events was also low. Internationally, aggregated analysis and systematic reviews have demonstrated the efficacy of different vaccine types (mRNA vaccines, inactivated vaccines, vector vaccines) in reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection, severe illness and death in the elderly (Rothschild et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022). Among them, mRNA vaccines have relatively the best effect, while inactivated vaccines have fewer adverse events. However, international research often points out that elderly people with weak health and multiple diseases do not participate enough in clinical trials. Domestic research has also found this problem (Soiza et al., 2020; Afshar et al., 2021). 7.2 Research limitations and existing problems One obvious limitation of current research both at home and abroad is that elderly people with serious chronic diseases, such as advanced hypertension, chronic kidney disease and cancer. Participation in randomized controlled trials is generally insufficient. The insufficient inclusion of this group of people makes it difficult for the research results to be fully applied to the most vulnerable elderly group (Afshar et al., 2021). Many studies lack long-term follow-up observation data, resulting in the inability to accurately determine how long the immune effect of the vaccine can last for the elderly population, and it is also difficult to assess the possibility of delayed adverse reactions after vaccination (Xu et al., 2023). Other issues include differences in research design, vaccine types, and result measurement methods, which make direct comparisons between different studies and populations difficult (Rothschild et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022). In domestic research, due to ethical restrictions, there is a lack of an unvaccinated control group, and the sample size of the healthy elderly control group is not large, which further reduces the credibility of the conclusion.
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