International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 24-33 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 32 Interdisciplinary collaboration will be key to advancing this research. By bringing together experts in fields such as pharmacology, bioinformatics, and traditional medicine, researchers can develop a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the health benefits of chrysanthemum essential oils (Jin-Jian, 2011; Yang et al., 2022). Such collaborations could also facilitate the integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific techniques, leading to innovative approaches in both research and application. Acknowledgments We are deeply grateful to Professor R. Cai for his multiple reviews of this paper and for his constructive revision suggestions. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Cheng W., Li J., You T., and Hu C., 2005, Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of the extracts from the inflorescence of Chrysanthemum indicumLinné, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101(1-3): 334-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEP.2005.04.035 Chung K.S., Hong J., Lee J., Lee H., Park J., Choi J., Park H., Hong J., and Lee K., 2019, β-Caryophyllene in the essential oil from chrysanthemum boreale induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest in human lung cancer cells, Molecules, 24(20): 3754. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203754 Fornari T., Vicente G., Vázquez E., García-Risco M., and Reglero G., 2012, Isolation of essential oil from different plants and herbs by supercritical fluid extraction, Journal of Chromatography, 1250: 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.051 Gallo M., Formato A., Ianniello D., Andolfi A., Conte E., Ciaravolo M., Varchetta V., and Naviglio D., 2017, Supercritical fluid extraction of pyrethrins from pyrethrum flowers (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) compared to traditional maceration and cyclic pressurization extraction, Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 119: 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SUPFLU.2016.09.012 Gao S., Li T., Li Z., Liao B., Huang Z., Zhou C., and Jia R., 2024, Effect of extraction methods on chemical characteristics and bioactivity of Chrysanthemum morifoliumcv. Fubaiju extracts, Foods, 13(19): 3957. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193057 Guo Q.S., Wang Y.J., Yang X.W., and Xu W.B., 2008, Characterization of chemical components of essential oil from cupitulum of Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivated in Tongxiang city, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 33(6): 624-627. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-5302.2008.06.002 Guan Y., Wang Y., Shi L., Bai B., and Zhou Y., 2007, GC-MS analysis of the essential oil from Hangbaiju and Hanghuangju, Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory, 26(6): 77. Han Y., Zhou M., Wang L., Ying X., Peng J., Jiang M., Bai G., and Luo G., 2015, Comparative evaluation of different cultivars of Flos Chrysanthemi by an anti-inflammatory-based NF-κB reporter gene assay coupled to UPLC-Q/TOF MS with PCA and ANN, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 174: 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.044 Hao Y.M., Li Y.F., Liu J., Wang Z.Y., Gao B.Y., Zhang Y.Q., and Wang J., 2021, Protective effect of Chrysanthemum morifoliumcv. Fubaiju hot-water extracts against ARPE-19 Cell oxidative damage by activating PI3K/Akt-Mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, Frontiers in Nutrition, 8: 648973. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.648973 Jing C.L., Huang R.H., Su Y., Li Y.Q., and Zhang C.S., 2019, Variation in chemical composition and biological activities of Flos Chrysanthemi indici essential oil under different extraction methods, Biomolecules, 9(10): 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100518 Kadir N.A.A.A., Azlan A., Abas F., and Ismail I., 2018, Beneficial effect of supercritical carbon dioxide extracted (SC-CO2) Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum) pulp oil in hypercholesterolemia-induced SPF sprague-dawley rats, Natural Product Communications, 13(12): 1583-1586. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1801301205 Li Y., Hao Y., Gao, B., Geng P., Huang H., Yu L., Choe U., Liu J., Sun J., Chen P., Wang, T., and Yu L., 2019b, Chemical profile and in vitro gut microbiota modulatory, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Fubaiju, Journal of Functional Foods, 58: 114-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFF.2019.04.053 Li Y., Yang P., Luo Y., Gao B., Sun J., Lu W., Liu J., Chen P., Zhang Y., and Yu L., 2019a, Chemical compositions of chrysanthemum teas and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, Food Chemistry, 286: 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.013 Lin Q., and Zhou W., 2024, A comprehensive review of palm oil in biodiesel production: from cultivation to market, Journal of Energy Bioscience, 15(4): 243-254. https://doi.org/10.5376/jeb.2024.15.0023
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