International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 24-33 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 30 constituents like β-caryophyllene, can help in reducing skin inflammation and redness, making it a promising natural remedy for acne treatment. Its ability to inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria further enhances its potential as a topical treatment for acne-prone skin (Chung et al., 2019). In addition to acne, the essential oil's soothing properties can be beneficial in treating other inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. By reducing inflammation and promoting skin healing, Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil can serve as an adjunctive therapy in managing these chronic skin conditions, providing relief from symptoms and improving skin health (Chung et al., 2019). 6.3 Respiratory diseases and neuroprotective research Research into the applications of Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil in respiratory diseases has shown promising results, particularly in conditions like asthma. The oil's anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects can help in alleviating asthma symptoms by reducing airway inflammation and improving airflow. This makes it a potential complementary therapy for asthma management, alongside conventional treatments (Chung et al., 2019). Furthermore, the neuroprotective properties of Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil are being investigated for their potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases. The oil's ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in neural tissues suggests its use in protecting against neuronal damage and supporting cognitive function. This could have implications for diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, where oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to disease progression (Chung et al., 2019). 7 Safety and Side Effects of Hangbai Chrysanthemum Essential Oil 7.1 Safe dosage and usage recommendations Hangbai Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) essential oil has shown efficacy in various applications; however, safe dosages are essential for its therapeutic use. Topical applications generally recommend dilution in a carrier oil at 0.5~2%, as concentrations exceeding this range have been linked to irritation. When diffused for aromatherapy, a recommended dosage of 3~5 drops per 100 mL of water is widely accepted for non-irritating inhalation (Sun, 2013; Zhou, 2024). Clinical studies emphasize the importance of proper standardization of the essential oil to ensure safe use without exceeding toxicity limits. Moreover, while ingestion of essential oils is controversial, studies highlight the need for medical supervision if oral intake is considered. Preclinical toxicity reports on Chrysanthemum extracts confirm their generally low toxicity but recommend small, divided dosages rather than single high doses for prolonged treatments (Gao et al., 2024). Precise dosage guidelines are still pending due to the need for rigorous clinical trials. 7.2 Potential side effects and allergic reactions Although Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil is considered safe for most individuals, side effects may occur, particularly for sensitive populations. One commonly reported reaction includes skin irritation or dermatitis, especially when the essential oil is applied undiluted. Allergic reactions, such as redness, itching, and swelling, are more prevalent in individuals sensitive to plants in the Asteraceae family, such as ragweed and marigold (Guo et al., 2008). Respiratory discomfort may also arise from over-inhalation, particularly in individuals with asthma or chronic respiratory conditions. Cross-sensitivity reactions in Asteraceae allergy-prone individuals have been observed during aromatherapy or prolonged exposure (Han et al., 2015). To minimize risks, users are advised to conduct a patch test before topical use and limit inhalation sessions to 30–60 minutes in well-ventilated areas. Pregnant and lactating individuals should avoid essential oil use unless prescribed, as its effects remain under-researched. 7.3 Safety assessments and precautions for clinical use The safety profile of Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil has been supported by preclinical assessments that reveal its low acute toxicity. In vivo studies show that controlled exposure does not cause significant organ damage or systemic toxicity when used in appropriate concentrations (Bai, 2007). However, prolonged or
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