International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 24-33 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 28 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro, indicating its potential to alleviate inflammatory responses (Li et al., 2019a; Zhang et al., 2019). This anti-inflammatory effect is likely due to the presence of bioactive compounds like luteolin and acacetin, which inhibit inflammatory pathways (Zhang et al., 2019). Figure 2 The activities of the various extracts of CMF, including ABTS (A) and DPPH (B) free radical scavenging capacity (Adopted from Gao et al., 2024) Image caption: Data are expressed as mean±SD (n=3). Significant differences (p < 0.05) are indicated with different letters (Adopted from Gao et al., 2024) In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil may also enhance immune function. The essential oil has been found to increase antibody production and enhance the function of the mononuclear phagocytic system, which plays a critical role in immune defense (Cheng et al., 2005). These immunomodulatory activities suggest that the essential oil could be beneficial in boosting the immune system and protecting against infections and inflammatory diseases. 5.3 Analgesic, antimicrobial, and antifungal effects in clinical studies Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil has demonstrated analgesic properties, providing relief from pain and discomfort. This effect is supported by its ability to inhibit inflammatory mediators, which are often responsible for pain sensation (Cheng et al., 2005). The analgesic potential of the essential oil makes it a promising candidate for managing pain in clinical settings. Furthermore, the essential oil exhibits strong antimicrobial and antifungal activities, making it a potential natural preservative and therapeutic agent. Studies have shown that the essential oil can effectively inhibit the growth of various bacteria and fungi, including gram-positive bacteria and Helicobacter pylori (Youssef et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020). The antimicrobial activity is attributed to compounds such as camphor, which is a major constituent of the essential oil and has been shown to possess significant antimicrobial properties (Youssef et al., 2020). These findings highlight the potential application of Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil in treating infections and as a natural preservative in food and pharmaceutical products. 6 Applications of Hangbai Chrysanthemum Essential Oil in Disease Treatment 6.1 Applications in oxidative stress-related diseases Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil has shown potential in treating oxidative stress-related diseases due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds. These compounds, such as β-caryophyllene, have been identified to possess significant antioxidant properties, which can help in neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in the body. This is particularly beneficial in preventing cellular damage and mitigating the progression of diseases that are exacerbated by oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer (Figure 3) (Chung et al., 2019). Moreover, the essential oil's ability to modulate oxidative stress pathways suggests its potential use in managing chronic inflammatory conditions. By reducing oxidative stress, Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil may help in alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients suffering from diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and neurodegenerative disorders, where oxidative stress plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis (Chung et al., 2019).
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