International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 24-33 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 27 process, enabling the isolation of specific compounds by adjusting the pressure and temperature settings. This results in a higher yield and purity of essential oils, making it a preferred method for industrial applications (Luo and Wang, 2007; Gallo et al., 2017). The absence of solvent residues further enhances the safety and applicability of the extracted oils in various fields, including medicine and cosmetics (Gallo et al., 2017). 4.2 Application and effects of microwave-assisted extraction Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) is an innovative technique that uses microwave energy to heat the plant material, facilitating the release of essential oils. This method is known for its rapid extraction times and improved efficiency compared to conventional techniques. MAE enhances the extraction process by disrupting the plant cell walls, allowing for better penetration of the solvent and increased yield of essential oils (Jing et al., 2019). The application of MAE in extracting essential oils from Chrysanthemum has shown promising results, with higher antioxidant activity observed in the extracts (Jing et al., 2019). The effects of MAE are significant in terms of both efficiency and quality of the extracted oils. The method not only reduces the extraction time but also minimizes the degradation of sensitive compounds due to its controlled heating mechanism. This results in essential oils with enhanced bioactivity, making them suitable for use in medicinal and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, MAE is considered a green technology as it reduces energy consumption and solvent usage, aligning with sustainable extraction practices (Jing et al., 2019). 4.3 Efficiency and safety of ultrasound-assisted extraction Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) employs ultrasonic waves to agitate the plant material, promoting the release of essential oils. This technique is valued for its simplicity, low cost, and high extraction efficiency. UAE enhances mass transfer by creating cavitation bubbles that disrupt plant cell structures, leading to increased extraction rates and yields (Zhang et al., 2017). The method is particularly effective for large-scale production of essential oils, as it can be easily scaled up and integrated into existing processing lines (Zhang et al., 2017). In terms of safety, UAE is a non-thermal process, which means it preserves the integrity of heat-sensitive compounds in the essential oils. This makes it a safe and effective method for extracting high-quality oils without the risk of thermal degradation. Additionally, UAE does not require the use of harmful solvents, further ensuring the safety of the extracted oils for use in various applications, including pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (Zhang et al., 2017). The method's ability to efficiently utilize the functional components of Hangbai Chrysanthemum enhances its economic value and market potential (Zhang et al., 2017). 5 Pharmacological Activities of Hangbai Chrysanthemum Essential Oil 5.1 Antioxidant activity and anti-aging effects Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil exhibits significant antioxidant properties, which are crucial for combating oxidative stress and potentially delaying the aging process. The antioxidant activity is primarily attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, which have been shown to effectively scavenge free radicals like DPPH and ABTS (Figure 2) (Li et al., 2019a; Gao et al., 2024). These compounds help in reducing oxidative damage to cells, thereby contributing to anti-aging effects by preserving cellular integrity and function (Li et al., 2019b). Moreover, the essential oil's ability to inhibit glycation products, such as fructosamine and Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs), further supports its role in anti-aging. Glycation is a process that accelerates aging and the development of age-related diseases. The enzyme-assisted hot water extract of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Fubaiju, a variety closely related to Hangbai, has demonstrated a pronounced inhibitory effect on glycation, suggesting similar potential for Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil (Gao et al., 2024). 5.2 Anti-inflammatory properties and potential in immune system modulation Hangbai Chrysanthemum essential oil possesses notable anti-inflammatory properties, which are beneficial in reducing inflammation and modulating the immune system. Studies have shown that extracts from Chrysanthemum morifolium can suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6
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