International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 24-33 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 26 3 Traditional Extraction Methods of Hangbai Chrysanthemum Essential Oil 3.1 Principle and application of steam distillation Steam distillation is a widely used method for extracting essential oils from plants, including Hangbai Chrysanthemum. The principle of steam distillation involves passing steam through plant material, which causes the essential oils to evaporate. These vapors are then condensed back into liquid form, separating the essential oil from the water. This method is particularly effective for extracting volatile compounds without degrading them, making it suitable for preserving the aromatic and therapeutic properties of the essential oils (Jing et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020). In the context of Hangbai Chrysanthemum, steam distillation has been shown to yield essential oils with significant antimicrobial properties. The extracted oils demonstrate higher antibacterial effects, particularly against gram-positive bacteria, which can be beneficial for applications in the food industry as natural preservatives (Zhang et al., 2020). This method is advantageous due to its ability to maintain the integrity of the essential oil's chemical composition, which is crucial for its medicinal applications. 3.2 Steps and pros and cons of solvent extraction Solvent extraction involves using a solvent to dissolve the essential oil from the plant material. The process typically includes soaking the plant material in a solvent, such as ethanol, which dissolves the essential oils. The solution is then filtered, and the solvent is evaporated to leave behind the concentrated essential oil. This method is known for its ability to extract a wide range of compounds, including those that are not volatile, which can enhance the oil's bioactivity (Zhang et al., 2017; Gao et al., 2024). The pros of solvent extraction include its high efficiency in extracting a broad spectrum of chemical constituents, which can enhance the biological activity of the essential oil. However, the method also has cons, such as the potential for solvent residues to remain in the final product, which can be undesirable for medicinal applications. Additionally, the process can be more time-consuming and costly compared to other methods like steam distillation (Zhang et al., 2017; Gao et al., 2024). 3.3 Suitability and limitations of cold pressing for essential oil extraction Cold pressing is a mechanical method of extracting essential oils, primarily used for citrus fruits, but it can also be applied to certain flowers like Hangbai Chrysanthemum. This method involves mechanically pressing the plant material to release the oils. Cold pressing is advantageous because it does not involve heat, thus preserving the natural aroma and beneficial properties of the essential oils (Jing et al., 2019). However, cold pressing has limitations when applied to Hangbai Chrysanthemum. The method is less effective for plants with low oil content or those whose oils are not easily released through mechanical pressure. Additionally, cold pressing may not extract the full range of bioactive compounds present in the plant, potentially limiting the therapeutic efficacy of the essential oil. This makes it less suitable for applications where a comprehensive extraction of all beneficial compounds is desired (Jing et al., 2019). 4 New Extraction Technologies for Hangbai Chrysanthemum Essential Oil 4.1 Principle and advantages of supercritical CO2 extraction Supercritical CO2 extraction is a cutting-edge technology that utilizes carbon dioxide in its supercritical state to extract essential oils from plant materials. This method is particularly advantageous due to its selectivity and environmental friendliness, as it does not require toxic solvents and produces minimal waste. The process involves adjusting parameters such as pressure and temperature to optimize the extraction of volatile compounds, resulting in high-quality essential oils (Luo and Wang, 2007; Fornari et al., 2012). Supercritical CO2 extraction is recognized for producing superior quality extracts compared to traditional methods like hydro-distillation, as it preserves the integrity of the essential oil components (Fornari et al., 2012; Kadir et al., 2018). The advantages of supercritical CO2 extraction include its ability to operate at moderate temperatures, which helps in preserving heat-sensitive compounds. Additionally, the method allows for precise control over the extraction
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