International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 327-338 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 331 activities with IC50 values of 62.72 µg/mL for DPPH and 61.03 µg/mL for ABTS assays (Widowati et al., 2018). These results suggest that phytochemicals from Eucommia ulmoides could possess significant antioxidant activities, potentially offering protective effects against oxidative stress in diabetic patients. In summary, the in vitro studies on the antidiabetic potential of phytochemicals from Eucommia ulmoides, including cell-based glucose uptake assays, enzyme inhibition studies, and antioxidant activity assays, provide a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms of action. These studies highlight the potential of these phytochemicals to improve glucose metabolism and mitigate oxidative stress, making them promising candidates for diabetes management. Figure 2 Inhibitory Effects of Different Compounds on α-Amylase Activity (Adapted from Khirallah et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) Inhibition rates of compounds 4a–b, 5a–b, 7a–b on α-amylase activity at different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 100 µg/mL), with significant differences compared to the control drug acarbose indicated by letters. (B) IC50 values (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of these compounds, compared to the inhibitory effect of acarbose, with * indicating significant differences compared to acarbose (p < 0.05) (Adapted from Khirallah et al., 2022) 5 In Vivo Studies on Antidiabetic Potential 5.1 Animal models of diabetes Several studies have utilized animal models to investigate the antidiabetic potential of Eucommia ulmoides. For instance, fructose-drinking rats (FDRs) have been employed to simulate a pre-diabetic state characterized by insulin resistance and abnormal perivascular innervation. This model is particularly useful for studying the effects of long-term administration of Eucommia ulmoides leaves extract (ELE) on insulin resistance and related metabolic parameters (Kawasaki, 2010). Additionally, Long-Evans rats have been used to explore the antidiabetic effects of various phytochemicals, including those fromEucommia ulmoides, by inducing diabetes through agents like alloxan (Forid et al., 2021).
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