International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 327-338 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 329 The discovery of new and unique compounds in Eucommia ulmoides is particularly significant in the context of antidiabetic research. The identified iridoid glycosides and flavonoids have shown promising bioactivities, such as glycation inhibitory activity and anti-inflammatory effects, which are relevant for managing diabetes and its complications (Kim et al., 2004; Tang et al., 2022). These findings support the potential use of Eucommia ulmoides as a source of natural antidiabetic agents and warrant further investigation into their mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy. Figure 1 Analysis of Phytochemical Components inEucommia ulmoides Seed Meal (Adapted from Ma et al., 2022) Image caption: A and B show the UPLC chromatograms of reference compounds and Eucommia ulmoides seed meal samples, respectively, which are used for the identification and quantification of key phytochemical components in the samples. Panel C presents a heatmap of the relative content of various compounds in Eucommia ulmoides seed meal from different regions, illustrating the impact of geographic location on the accumulation of key components. GPA: Geniposidic Acid; SD: Scyphiphin D; UA: Ulmoidoside A; UC: Ulmoidoside C; UB: Ulmoidoside B; UD: Ulmoidoside D (Adapted from Ma et al., 2022) 3 Antidiabetic Mechanisms of Eucommia ulmoides 3.1 Renal protection Eucommia ulmoides leaves have demonstrated potential renal protective properties, particularly in the context of diabetic nephropathy. A study using rat glomerular mesangial (HBZY-1) cells treated with high glucose levels showed that extracts from E. ulmoides leaves could mitigate the adverse effects associated with diabetic nephropathy. The study identified 83 possible chemical components in the leaves, including iridoids, flavonoids, lignans, phenylpropanoids, and phenolic acids, which may contribute to these protective effects (Huang et al., 2021a). Eucommia ulmoides has been shown to ameliorate glucotoxicity by suppressing the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). In a study involving streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, E. ulmoides extract significantly increased the protein expression and activity of glyoxalase 1 (Glo1), which detoxifies the AGE precursor methylglyoxal (MGO). Additionally, the extract upregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and downregulated receptor for AGE (RAGE) expression, thereby reducing oxidative stress and renal damage (Do et al., 2018). Another study isolated flavonol glycosides fromE. ulmoides leaves, which exhibited glycation inhibitory activity comparable to aminoguanidine, a known glycation inhibitor (Kim et al., 2004). Furthermore, E. ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) was found to inhibit the formation of AGEs, such as N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and N(ω)-(carboxymethyl)arginine (CMA), suggesting its potential in preventing age-related diseases (Sugawa et al., 2016). 3.2 Inhibition of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes Eucommia ulmoides has been reported to inhibit key carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, including α-glucosidase, sucrase, and maltase. This inhibition can slow down the breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose, thereby
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