International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 312-326 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 2.4 Bioactive substances Vitamin E, an efficient antioxidant, is present in Xanthoceras sorbifolia oil at significantly higher levels compared to other plant oils, making it one of the main nutritional components of the oil. The content of tocopherol (a form of vitamin E) varies depending on the extraction method. Hexane extraction yields the highest tocopherol content, reaching 530.15 mg/kg (Zheng et al., 2022). Tocopherol is crucial for protecting cells from oxidative damage and plays an important role in maintaining skin health and immune function 315 . Table 4 Types of Phenolic Compounds inXanthoceras sorbifolia No Compound Name Reference 1 Eupatorin (Li et al., 2006) 2 Tyrosol (Li et al., 2006) 3 5,7-Dihydroxychromone (Li et al., 2006) 4 Cleomiscosin D (Li et al., 2006) 5 Scopoletin (Li et al., 2005; Li et al., 2006) 6 Isofraxidin (Li et al., 2005; Li et al., 2006) 7 p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (Li et al., 2005; Li et al., 2006) 8 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic Acid (Li et al., 2005; Li et al., 2006) 9 Ethyl Protocatechuate (Li et al., 2005; Li et al., 2006) 10 Neocoumarin Glucoside (Li et al., 2006; Li et al., 2007) 11 Vanillic Acid (Li et al., 2006; Li et al., 2007) 12 p-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid (Li et al., 2006; Li et al., 2007) 13 2-Hydroxy-6-Methylbenzoic Acid (Li et al., 2006; Li et al., 2007) 14 Hydroquinone (Wan et al., 2015) 15 p-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile (Wan et al., 2015) 16 Luteolin (Wan et al., 2015) 17 Naringenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (Wan et al., 2015) In addition to tocopherols, the oil also contains other bioactive substances such as triterpenoids and saponins. Triterpenoids, particularly barrigenol-type triterpenoids, have been isolated from X. sorbifolia and have shown promising neuroprotective effects, especially in the context of Alzheimer's disease (Li et al., 2020). Saponins, which are present in different parts of the seeds, exhibit various biological activities, including immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects (Venegas-Calerón et al., 2017). 3 Extraction and Analytical Methods of Xanthoceras SorbifoliaOil 3.1 Overview of extraction techniques The extraction of oil from Xanthoceras sorbifolia, commonly known as yellowhorn, has been the subject of various studies due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids and potential health benefits. Traditional extraction methods, such as solvent extraction, have been widely used. However, these methods often involve the use of organic solvents, which can pose environmental and health risks. To address these concerns, researchers have explored alternative extraction techniques that are more environmentally friendly and efficient. One such method is the aqueous enzymatic process (AEP) assisted by microwave extraction (ME). This technique combines the use of enzymes to break down cell walls and microwaves to enhance the extraction efficiency. A study optimized the enzyme cocktail (cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase) and microwave parameters using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM), achieving a maximal oil extraction yield of 55.8% under optimal conditions. This method not only improves the extraction yield but also maintains the quality of the oil, as evidenced by the high content of unsaturated fatty acids (91.18%) comparable to that obtained by conventional solvent extraction (88.76%) (Li et al., 2013).
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