International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 262-275 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 263 the gut microbiota and enriching specific bacterial strains, such as Parabacteroides, which are associated with anti-hypertensive effects (Yan et al., 2022). Additionally, lignan extracts from Eucommia ulmoides have been shown to prevent hypertensive cardiac and vascular remodeling, further supporting their potential therapeutic benefits (Gu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013). This study aims to comprehensively examine the hypotensive effects of Eucommia ulmoides and the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects. By synthesizing findings from recent research, this study aims to provide a detailed understanding of howEucommia ulmoides extracts can be utilized as a potential treatment for hypertension. This study includes exploring the role of gut microbiota regulation, anti-inflammatory properties, and the impact on vascular and cardiac remodeling. Through this study, highlight the therapeutic potential of Eucommia ulmoides and encourage further research into its applications in managing hypertension. 2 Phytochemical Constituents of Eucommia ulmoides 2.1 Key active compounds related to hypotensive effects Eucommia ulmoides, commonly known as the hardy rubber tree, contains several phytochemicals that contribute to its hypotensive effects. The primary active compounds include lignans, iridoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Lignans and iridoids are particularly noted for their significant role in reducing blood pressure. For instance, lignan extracts from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides have been shown to lower blood pressure and inhibit aldose reductase activity, which is beneficial in managing hypertensive cardiac remodeling (Li et al., 2013). Iridoid glycosides, such as aucubin, geniposide, and asperuloside, have also been identified as key compounds with potential hypotensive effects (Chen et al., 2023). 2.2 Isolation and identification of these compounds The isolation and identification of these active compounds have been achieved through various advanced techniques. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Diode-Array Detection (DAD) and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS) has been employed to systematically isolate and identify glycosides fromEucommia ulmoides seeds. This method has successfully identified nineteen compounds, including ten iridoid glycosides, seven flavonoid glycosides, and two chlorogenic acid isomers. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry have also been used to structurally determine the main iridoid glycosides isolated from the seeds (Niu et al., 2016). 2.3 Phytochemical variations in different parts of the plant The phytochemical composition of Eucommia ulmoides varies significantly across different parts of the plant, including the bark, leaves, seeds, and male flowers. The bark is rich in lignans and iridoids, which are primarily responsible for its antihypertensive properties (Li et al., 2013; He et al., 2014). The leaves contain a high concentration of flavonoids, which have been shown to regulate lipid metabolism and improve insulin resistance, thereby indirectly contributing to blood pressure regulation (Peng et al., 2021). The seeds are notable for their antioxidant properties, attributed to the presence of iridoid glycosides and flavonoid glycosides (Huang et al., 2021). Moreover, the male flowers of Eucommia ulmoides have been found to contain aucubin, geniposide, and asperuloside, which are associated with lifespan and healthspan-promoting effects, including potential benefits for cardiovascular health (Chen et al., 2023). The comprehensive phytochemical profile of Eucommia ulmoides highlights the diverse therapeutic potential of different plant parts, each contributing uniquely to its overall hypotensive effects. In summary, the hypotensive effects of Eucommia ulmoides are primarily due to its rich content of lignans, iridoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Advanced analytical techniques have facilitated the isolation and identification of these compounds, revealing significant phytochemical variations across different parts of the plant. This diversity underscores the importance of utilizing various plant parts to harness the full therapeutic potential of Eucommia ulmoides in managing hypertension.
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