International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 253-261 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 253 Research Insight Open Access Clinical Efficacy Evaluation of Novel Antidiabetic Drugs Xiaojie Xuan Physicov Med. Tech. Ltd., Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China Corresponding email: xiaojie.xuan@pmtcl.org International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.5 doi: 10.5376/ijccr.2024.14.0026 Received: 20 Jul., 2024 Accepted: 29 Aug., 2024 Published: 30 Sep., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Xuan, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Xuan X.J., 2024, Clinical efficacy evaluation of novel antidiabetic drugs, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 14(5): 253-261 (doi: 10.5376/ijccr.2024.14.0026) Abstract The emergence of new antidiabetic drugs, including sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, has significantly transformed the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review assesses the clinical efficacy, cardiovascular benefits, and long-term effects of these drug classes, while also discussing their safety and cost-effectiveness. SGLT2 inhibitors have shown strong effects in cardiovascular and renal protection, particularly in reducing hospitalization for heart failure and slowing the progression of kidney disease. On the other hand, GLP-1 receptor agonists have been outstanding in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Combination therapies involving these drugs offer superior glycemic control and cardiovascular protection compared to monotherapy. The study explores the impact of personalized medicine, highlighting the role of pharmacogenomics in optimizing treatments and minimizing adverse reactions. Future research should focus on improving the affordability and accessibility of these therapies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, while continuing to develop next-generation treatments and integrated digital health solutions. Keywords SGLT2 inhibitors; GLP-1 receptor agonists; Type 2 diabetes;Cardiovascular benefits; Personalized medicine 1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It affects hundreds of millions globally, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) being the most prevalent form, accounting for approximately 90~95% of all cases. Managing diabetes involves lifestyle interventions, oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs), and insulin therapy. However, despite the availability of numerous therapies, challenges persist, particularly in achieving optimal glycemic control and preventing long-term complications. Current treatments may lead to side effects such as weight gain, hypoglycemia, and cardiovascular risks, which complicate management strategies (Ahuja and Chou, 2016). Moreover, the heterogeneity of the disease requires personalized treatment regimens, and many patients fail to maintain long-term control, leading to the progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications (Salmen et al., 2023a). The limitations of current therapies, including adverse effects and inadequate long-term control, underscore the urgent need for novel antidiabetic drugs that can provide better glycemic control, minimize side effects, and reduce the risk of complications such as cardiovascular disease. Emerging drug classes, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, have shown promise in addressing some of these issues by offering improved glycemic control with additional benefits like weight loss and cardiovascular protection (Kaku et al., 2014). Additionally, these novel agents are associated with a lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to traditional therapies like sulfonylureas, making them attractive alternatives (Salmen et al., 2023a). This study evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of novel antidiabetic drugs, as well as their potential to improve glycemic control while minimizing side effects. The research provides evidence of the comparative effectiveness of these new therapies in real-world applications and clinical trials. It aims to offer guidance for clinicians in selecting appropriate treatment plans tailored to individual patient needs, thereby improving
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