International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 175-188 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 177 3 Current Management Strategies 3.1 Medical interventions 3.1.1 Pharmacological treatments Pharmacological treatments for diabetes primarily aim to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications. Various classes of antidiabetic drugs are available, including metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors. Studies have shown that specific GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors not only improve glycemic control but also reduce cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes (Tsapas et al., 2020). Additionally, pharmacist-led interventions have demonstrated efficacy in enhancing medication adherence, which is crucial for achieving optimal treatment outcomes (Presley et al., 2019). 3.1.2 Insulin therapy and advancements Insulin therapy remains a cornerstone for managing diabetes, especially in patients with advanced disease or those who do not respond adequately to oral medications. Intravenous insulin therapy is particularly effective in critical care settings. Recent advancements in diabetes technology, such as continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery systems, are revolutionizing insulin therapy by providing more precise and individualized treatment options (Pasquel et al., 2021). Moreover, targeted insulin-adherence interventions using predictive analytics have shown promise in improving glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes (Lauffenburger et al., 2019). 3.1.3 Role of antidiabetic medications in managing complications Antidiabetic medications play a significant role in managing both microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Multifactorial interventions that include pharmacotherapy for associated risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, alongside glycemic control, have been shown to reduce cardiovascular and renal events (Sasako et al., 2023). Additionally, adherence to antidiabetic and cardiovascular drugs is crucial for preventing renal and cardiovascular complications, as non-adherence is associated with worse outcomes (Denicolò et al., 2021). 3.2 Non-Medical interventions 3.2.1 Lifestyle modifications: diet, exercise, and weight management Lifestyle modifications, including diet, exercise, and weight management, are fundamental components of diabetes management. Structured weight-management programs have demonstrated significant benefits, including the remission of type 2 diabetes in a substantial proportion of patients (Lean et al., 2019). Non-pharmacological interventions, such as nutritional therapy and physical activity, are effective in glycemic control and are often recommended as first-line treatments (Leite et al., 2020; Yin et al., 2022). 3.2.2 Monitoring and early detection Regular monitoring and early detection of diabetes-related complications are essential for effective management. Self-blood glucose monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring systems help patients maintain optimal glycemic control and detect fluctuations in blood glucose levels (Pasquel et al., 2021). Early detection of complications through routine screenings can lead to timely interventions and better outcomes. 3.2.3 Role of patient education and self-management Patient education and self-management are critical for the successful management of diabetes. Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) programs have been shown to improve glycemic control, enhance quality of life, and reduce the risk of complications (Leite et al., 2020). Pharmacist-led educational interventions also play a significant role in improving medication adherence and overall diabetes management (Presley et al., 2019). Effective patient education empowers individuals to take an active role in their care, leading to better health outcomes.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNQ==