International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 210-220 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 210 Feature Review Open Access Review of Classic Cases in Long-term Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease YaoguoSun The First Affiliated Hospital Of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China Corresponding email: yaoguos@163.com International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.4 doi: 10.5376/ijccr.2024.14.0022 Received: 11 Jun., 2024 Accepted: 17 Jul., 2024 Published: 16 Aug., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Sun, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Sun Y.G., 2024, Review of classic cases in long-term management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 14(4): 210-220 (doi: 10.5376/ijccr.2024.14.0022) Abstract This study reviews classic cases of long-term management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), with a focus on analyzing pharmacological treatments, non-pharmacological interventions, personalized treatment plans for patients, and strategies for managing acute exacerbations. Through these cases, the article highlights the importance of combining pharmacological therapies, such as triple therapy, and long-term inhalation treatments at different stages of the disease. Additionally, it explores the role of non-pharmacological measures like pulmonary rehabilitation, smoking cessation, and nutritional support in improving patients' quality of life and reducing acute exacerbations. The article also discusses the application of digital health technologies (e.g., remote monitoring) and patient education in long-term management, while introducing potential strategies for enhancing COPD management outcomes through the latest innovative therapies. This study provides practical guidance and recommendations for personalized management and long-term control of the disease in clinical practice. Keywords Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); Pharmacological treatment; Inhalation therapy; Pulmonary rehabilitation 1 Introduction Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation and chronic inflammation of the airways and lungs. It is a major global health issue, affecting millions of people worldwide and significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality rates. COPD is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants, such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and occupational dust. Smoking remains the most significant risk factor. The disease's prevalence continues to rise, and it is projected to become the third leading cause of death globally (Cagle et al., 2023). COPD is characterized by a combination of small airway disease and parenchymal destruction, leading to airflow limitation and impaired gas exchange. Key components of the disease pathophysiology include chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and an imbalance between protease and antiprotease activity, which contribute to the degradation of lung tissues. The disease's progressive nature often leads to frequent exacerbations, hospitalizations, and worsening of symptoms over time (Briganti and D'Ovidio, 2017). Long-term management is critical in COPD due to its progressive nature. Pharmacological treatments, such as bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, help control symptoms and reduce exacerbations. Non-pharmacological strategies, like pulmonary rehabilitation, lifestyle modifications, and smoking cessation, are essential in slowing disease progression and improving quality of life (Harrison and Kim, 2019). Long-term management, including appropriate pharmacotherapy and lifestyle interventions, has been shown to improve lung function, reduce exacerbation rates, and enhance overall survival rates (Güell et al., 2017). The primary objective of this case review is to analyze classic cases in long-term management of COPD, with a focus on the efficacy of different therapeutic strategies in managing the disease over extended periods. By examining these cases, the study aims to highlight the importance of personalized management approaches, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. This review provides insights into best practices and the significance of long-term management in reducing
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