International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 202-209 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 207 individuals with a family history of prostate cancer (Weiner et al., 2020). Moreover, research into how HOXB13 interacts with other prostate cancer biomarkers, such as AR-V7, may pave the way for personalized treatment strategies (Feng et al., 2021). For instance, targeting HOXB13 in combination with androgen receptor antagonists might improve outcomes in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) (Chen et al., 2018). Future clinical trials should explore how these genetic insights can be utilized for more tailored treatment approaches. 7 Concluding Remarks The HOXB13 gene, particularly the G84E variant, has been identified as a key genetic factor in the development and progression of prostate cancer. This variant significantly increases the risk of prostate cancer, especially in individuals with a family history of the disease or early-onset prostate cancer. HOXB13's role in regulating androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which is critical for prostate cell growth, highlights its importance in prostate cancer biology. Furthermore, its interactions with other genes, such as CIP2A, and pathways involved in cell proliferation, have been shown to predispose individuals to more aggressive forms of the disease. Variants such as G132E and F127C, identified in Japanese and other non-European populations, further demonstrate the global relevance of HOXB13 in prostate cancer risk. The potential for HOXB13 variants, particularly G84E, as biomarkers for early diagnosis and risk stratification is promising. In clinical practice, screening for these variants could enable the identification of high-risk individuals, guiding personalized approaches to screening and treatment. However, challenges remain in applying HOXB13 variants to widespread clinical practice. The rarity of the G84E mutation limits its utility in general populations, necessitating larger-scale studies in diverse populations to identify additional variants that could be more broadly applicable. Additionally, the role of HOXB13 in resistance to therapies, such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and chemotherapy, presents both opportunities for targeted treatments and challenges in overcoming therapy resistance. As research continues, refining genetic screening guidelines and developing targeted therapies based on HOXB13 variants will be essential in improving clinical outcomes for prostate cancer patients. Acknowledgment Thank you to the anonymous reviewers for their suggested revisions to this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Boyle J., Hahn A., Kapron A., Kohlmann W., Greenberg S., Parnell T., and Cooney K., 2020, Pathogenic germline DNA repair gene and HOXB13 Mutations in men with metastatic prostate cancer, JCO Precision Oncology, 4:PO.19.00284. https://doi.org/10.1200/po.19.00284. PMID: 32923906 PMCID: PMC7446531 Chen Z., Wu D., Thomas-Ahner J., Lu C., Zhao P., Zhang Q., Geraghty C., Yan P., Hankey W., Sunkel B., Cheng X., Antonarakis E., and Wang Q., 2018, Diverse AR-V7 cistromes in castration-resistant prostate cancer are governed by HOXB13, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(26): 6810-6815. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718811115 PMID: 29844167 PMCID: PMC6042123 Coutinho I., Day T.K., Tilley W., and Selth L., 2016, Androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a lesson in persistence, Endocrine-related Cancer, 23(12): 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-16-0422 PMID: 27799360 Dupont W., Breyer J.P., Johnson S.P., Plummer W., and Smith J.R., 2021, Prostate cancer risk variants of the HOXB genetic locus, Scientific Reports, 11: 89399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89399-7 PMID: 34059701 PMCID: PMC8167119
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