International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 175-188 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 181 Figure 2 Gene delivery methods in therapeutic gene therapy (Adapted from Akil et al., 2021) Image caption: Two primary approaches for delivering therapeutic genes to the human body during gene therapy. The first method, direct gene delivery, involves the infusion of a therapeutic gene into the patient using a vector, such as an altered virus or a nonviral vehicle like liposomes. This method targets specific cell types that the vector can effectively reach. The second approach, cell-based gene delivery, involves harvesting the patient's stem cells, introducing the therapeutic gene into these cells using a vector, and then reinfusing the genetically modified cells back into the patient. These altered cells proliferate and express the therapeutic gene, offering a targeted and sustained treatment approach (Adapted from Akil et al., 2021) 5.2.2 Artificial pancreas and closed-loop systems The development of artificial pancreas and closed-loop systems represents a significant leap forward in diabetes care. These systems automate insulin delivery based on real-time glucose readings, thereby mimicking the natural function of the pancreas. This technology has been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce the risk of hypoglycemia, offering a more convenient and effective way to manage diabetes (Sherwood et al., 2020; Perkins et al., 2021). The use of algorithms enhanced by machine learning in these systems further optimizes insulin delivery, making them a promising solution for diabetes management. 5.2.3 Telemedicine and digital health platforms Telemedicine and digital health platforms are becoming increasingly important in diabetes management, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. These platforms enable remote monitoring and consultation, making it easier for patients to access healthcare services without the need for frequent clinic visits. Digital health tools, such as mobile apps and wearable devices, provide patients with personalized feedback and support, helping them to manage their condition more effectively (Sherwood et al., 2020). The integration of these technologies into routine care can improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. In conclusion, the management of diabetes and its complications has seen significant advancements in recent years, driven by both medical and technological innovations. New drug developments, gene therapy, regenerative medicine, continuous glucose monitoring systems, artificial pancreas, and telemedicine are all contributing to more effective and personalized diabetes care. These advancements hold great promise for improving the quality of life for individuals with diabetes and reducing the global burden of this chronic condition. 6 Future Prospects and Research Directions 6.1 Emerging trends in diabetes complication management Recent advancements in diabetes management have highlighted the importance of personalized medicine, which tailors treatment plans based on individual genetic makeup, lifestyle factors, and health characteristics. This
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