International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 157-166 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 157 Feature Review Open Access Clinical Cases and Treatment Outcome Evaluation of Acute Lower Respiratory Infections in Children TaoLi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China Corresponding email: Litao@qq.com International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.3 doi: 10.5376/ijccr.2024.14.0017 Received: 06 May, 2024 Accepted: 07 Jun., 2024 Published: 20 Jun., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Li, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Li T., 2024, Clinical cases and treatment outcome evaluation of acute lower respiratory infections in children, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 14(3): 157-166 (doi: 10.5376/ijccr.2024.14.0017) Abstract Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) in children are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in developing countries. These infections, including pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and influenza, have high prevalence and severity, posing significant threats to children's health. Studies indicate that specific risk factors, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), congenital heart disease (CHD), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, are closely associated with the severity and poor prognosis of these infections. Socioeconomic factors, parental smoking, and nutritional status also significantly impact the severity of ALRIs. Current treatment strategies, including antibiotics and supportive care, show varying effectiveness, highlighting the need for further research and development of targeted therapies and vaccines. This study systematically reviews multiple studies, providing a comprehensive analysis of clinical cases and treatment outcomes of ALRIs in children, emphasizing early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic use, and targeted interventions for high-risk groups. Improving living standards, promoting exclusive breastfeeding, and educating parents are key strategies to reduce the burden and severity of ALRIs. Continued research into effective vaccines and treatments, along with the development of standardized clinical guidelines, will play a crucial role in improving treatment outcomes for children with ALRIs. Keywords Acute lower respiratory infections; Children; Clinical cases; Treatment outcomes; Preventive measures 1 Introduction Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) encompass a range of conditions affecting the lower respiratory tract, including pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and influenza. These infections are particularly significant in pediatric health due to their high prevalence and potential severity in young children. ALRIs are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide, especially in those under five years of age (Chaw et al., 2019a; Hasuwa et al., 2020; Oakes et al., 2023). Each year, millions of cases are reported, leading to substantial healthcare utilization and economic burden (Keita et al., 2023). In developing countries, the situation is exacerbated by limited access to healthcare and preventive measures, making ALRIs a critical public health issue (Keita et al., 2023). The burden of ALRIs in children is immense, being one of the most common reasons for hospitalization in pediatric populations (Hasuwa et al., 2020; Oakes et al., 2023). Children with underlying health conditions, such as congenital heart disease (CHD) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), are at an even higher risk of severe outcomes, including increased rates of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and mortality (Chaw et al., 2019a; Chaw et al., 2019b; Shi et al., 2021). The high prevalence and severe consequences of ALRIs underscore the urgent need for effective treatment strategies and preventive measures. Current treatment approaches often involve the use of antibiotics and supportive care, but there is a growing need for targeted therapies and vaccines to reduce the incidence and severity of these infections (Alasmari et al., 2018; Vinaykumar and Maruti, 2020). This study aims to evaluate clinical cases and treatment outcomes of acute lower respiratory infections in children. By synthesizing data from multiple studies, it seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical management, and outcomes associated with ALRIs in pediatric populations. The study includes an analysis of various treatment strategies, their effectiveness, and the identification of gaps in
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