IJCCR_2024v14n3

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 117-131 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 127 mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and will likely play a crucial role in managing future infectious disease outbreaks. Acknowledgments Thanks to the anonymous peer reviewers for their comments on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Alberer M., Gnad-Vogt U., Hong H., Mehr K., Backert L., Finak G., Gottardo R., Bica M., Garofano A., Koch S., Fotin‐Mleczek M., Hoerr I., Clemens R., and Sonnenburg F., 2017, Safety and immunogenicity of a mRNA rabies vaccine in healthy adults: an open-label, non-randomised, prospective, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial, The Lancet, 390: 1511-1520. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31665-3 PMid:28754494 Baden L., Sahly H., Essink B., Kotloff K., Frey S., Novak R., Diemert D., Spector S., Rouphael N., Creech C., Mcgettigan J., Kehtan S., Segall N., Solis J., Brosz A., Fierro C., Schwartz H., Neuzil K., Corey L., Gilbert P., Janes H., Follmann D., Marovich M., Mascola J., Polakowski L., Ledgerwood J., Graham B., Bennett H., Pajon R., Knightly C., Leav B., Deng W., Zhou H., Han S., Ivarsson M., Miller J., and Zaks T., 2020, Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, The New England Journal of Medicine, 384(5): 403-416. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389 PMid:33378609 PMCid:PMC7787219 Bergman P., Blennow O., Hansson L., Mielke S., Nowak P., Chen P., Söderdahl G., Österborg A., Smith C., Wullimann D., Vesterbacka J., Lindgren G., Blixt L., Friman G., Wahren-Borgström E., Nordlander A., Gomez A., Akber M., Valentini D., Norlin A., Thalme A., Bogdanovic G., Muschiol S., Nilsson P., Hober S., Loré K., Chen M., Buggert M., Ljunggren H., Ljungman P., and Aleman S., 2021, Safety and efficacy of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in five groups of immunocompromised patients and healthy controls in a prospective open-label clinical trial, EBioMedicine, 74: 103705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103705. PMid:34861491 PMCid:PMC8629680 Chen J., Chen J., and Xu Q., 2022, Current developments and challenges of mRNA vaccines., Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 24: 85-109. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110220-031722 PMid:35231177 Chu L., McPhee R., Huang W., Bennett H., Pajon R., Nestorova B., and Leav B., 2021, A preliminary report of a randomized controlled phase 2 trial of the safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, Vaccine, 39: 2791-2799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.007 PMid:33707061 PMCid:PMC7871769 Fan Y., Chan K., and Hung I., 2021, Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of different vaccines at phase 3, Vaccines, 9(9): 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090989. PMid:34579226 PMCid:PMC8473448 Feldman R., Fuhr R., Smolenov I., Ribeiro A., Panther L., Watson M., Senn J., Smith M., Almarsson Ӧ., Pujar H., Laska M., Thompson J., Zaks T., and Ciaramella G., 2019, mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses of pandemic potential are immunogenic and well tolerated in healthy adults in phase 1 randomized clinical trials, Vaccine, 37: 3326-3334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.074 PMid:31079849 Gote V., Bolla P., Kommineni N., Butreddy A., Nukala P., Palakurthi S., and Khan W., 2023, A comprehensive review of mRNA vaccines, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(3): 2700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032700 PMid:36769023 PMCid:PMC9917162 Graña C., Ghosn L., Evrenoglou T., Jarde A., Minozzi S., Bergman H., Buckley B., Probyn K., Villanueva G., Henschke N., Bonnet H., Assi R., Menon S., Marti M., Devane D., Mallon P., Lelièvre J., Askie L., Kredo T., Ferrand G., Davidson M., Riveros C., Tovey D., Meerpohl J., Grasselli G., Rada G., Hrõbjartsson A., Ravaud P., Chaimani A., and Boutron I., 2022, Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12(12): CD015477. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015477 PMid:36473651 PMCid:PMC9726273 Iavarone C., O'hagan D., Yu D., Delahaye N., and Ulmer J., 2017, Mechanism of action of mRNA-based vaccines, Expert Review of Vaccines, 16: 871-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2017.1355245 PMid:28701102

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