International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 79-86 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 81 chromosomal abnormality. Such chromosomal abnormalities can lead to various changes in physical features and cognitive functions (Block and McGronohon, 2021). The biological mechanisms of genetic variations are complex and diverse, encompassing changes at the genomic level as well as influences on gene regulation and expression. These variations may occur naturally or be induced by environmental factors. 1.3 Personalized medicine and genetic variations Personalized Medicine is an emerging medical approach that relies on individual genetic, molecular, and biological characteristics to guide medical decisions and treatments. Genetic variations play a crucial role in personalized medicine, as they provide healthcare professionals with individual biological information about patients. This allows for more accurate predictions of disease risk, disease diagnosis, selection of optimal treatments, and monitoring treatment effectiveness (Kiyotani et al., 2021). Personalized medicine allows doctors to assess the risk of disease based on the patient's genetic variations. Through genetic testing, it can be determined whether a patient carries certain genetic mutations that may increase their risk of developing a hereditary disease. For example, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with a high risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Therefore, genetic testing can help women understand if they have these mutations, enabling them to take early preventive measures. Personalized medicine can guide drug treatment selection based on genetic information. The effectiveness and safety of certain drugs may vary due to individual patients' genetic variations. For example, lung cancer patients with EGFR gene mutations may be more responsive to specific targeted drugs (such as Gefitinib). Therefore, doctors can choose the most appropriate treatment plan for patients based on genetic information to enhance treatment effectiveness. Individual genetic variations can also impact the metabolism and degradation of drugs. Some individuals may have specific mutations in drug-metabolizing enzymes, resulting in either faster or slower metabolism of certain drugs. This can lead to fluctuations in drug concentrations in the body, affecting treatment effectiveness and toxicity. By understanding the patient's drug metabolism genotype, doctors can adjust drug dosages to ensure the optimal therapeutic outcome. 2 Targeted Therapy 2.1 Classification of targeted drugs Targeted therapy is a cancer treatment approach that inhibits the growth and survival of cancer cells by interfering with specific molecular targets within these cells. These drugs attack cancer cells in a more precise manner, minimizing damage to normal cells (Figure 2). Targeted drugs can be classified into different categories based on their mechanisms of action and targets. Figure 2 Targeted drug therapy for cancer
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