International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 55-62 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 57 more prevalent in one population while being relatively rare in another. These variations can be attributed to factors such as geography, environment, and the genetic evolution of populations. In the fields of medicine and biology, the study of genetic polymorphism is crucial for understanding genetic variations among individuals, susceptibility to diseases, drug metabolism, drug response, and other physiological characteristics. For instance, certain genetic polymorphisms may be associated with the risk of specific diseases, or they may influence an individual's metabolism rate and efficacy of certain drugs. Understanding these genetic variations can assist healthcare professionals in devising personalized treatment plans, maximizing treatment effectiveness, and reducing adverse reactions. 1.3 Types of genetic polymorphism in metabolic enzymes Genetic polymorphism in metabolic enzymes typically involves multiple gene families, with the most critical and extensively studied being the Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family (Figure 1). In addition to the CYP family, there are other enzyme families and associated genetic polymorphisms. Figure 1 Cytochrome P450 metabolic enzyme CYP enzymes are a widely distributed group of enzymes in the liver that participate in the metabolism of numerous drugs. The CYP gene family includes CYP1A1, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and others. Genetic polymorphism is highly prevalent in the CYP family, where different alleles can result in variations in drug metabolism rates, thereby influencing individual responses to medications. The UGT family comprises multiple genes, such as UGT1A1, UGT1A6, UGT2B7, and others. These genes encode enzymes involved in the glucuronidation metabolism of drugs. Among them, UGT1A1 is associated with medications crucial for conditions like bronze gallstones, cataracts, and drug metabolism, including drugs such as isoniazid. The NAT family includes genes such as NAT1 and NAT2. These genes encode enzymes involved in the N-acetylation metabolism of various drugs, such as the antituberculosis drug isoniazid. Genetic polymorphisms impact the activity of these enzymes, thereby influencing individual variations in drug metabolism and drug response. The diverse types of genetic polymorphisms in these metabolism enzyme genes cover various drug metabolic pathways, affecting the rate of drug metabolism and individual responses to drugs. Understanding these genetic polymorphisms is crucial for developing personalized treatment plans and predicting individual responses to medications. The Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) gene encodes an enzyme involved in the breakdown of neurotransmitters such as dopamine. The polymorphism of the COMT gene is associated with the rate of dopamine degradation, making it crucial in certain mental disorders and drug treatments (Gao et al., 2023). The Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) family includes several genes such as GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1. These genes encode enzymes involved in antioxidant defense and detoxification metabolism, influencing the metabolism
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