International Journal of Clinical Case Reports 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 31-39 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 36 Chassaing et al. (2015) found that intestinal metabolic diseases can be prevented and treated by regulating the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome. For example, increasing dietary fiber intake can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and improve the intestinal environment, thereby preventing the occurrence of obesity and diabetes. Several drugs and treatments have also been shown to treat intestinal metabolic diseases by modulating the gut microbiome. Boulangé et al. (2016) explored the importance of symbiotic interactions between the gut microbiota and the host in regulating human metabolism. In particular, we discuss how alterations in gut microbiome structure are associated with increased incidence of metabolic and immunological diseases in animals and humans. 3.3 Gut microbiome delays aging through butyrate A research team led by Professor Sven Pettersson from the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine at Nanyang Technological University transplanted gut microbes from old donor mice (24 months old) into young germ-free recipient mice (six weeks old) (Kundu et al., 2019). After eight weeks, the mice showed intestinal growth and hippocampal neurogenesis (the production of neurons) in the brain. Research shows that neurogenesis is due to the enrichment of gut microbes that produce a specific short-chain fatty acid, butyrate. Shi et al. (2017) study emphasized the role of commensal microorganisms in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. An imbalanced microbiome leads to immune dysfunction by affecting the maturation of the mucosal immune system, thereby promoting disease. The intestinal mucosal immune system forms a protective barrier for intestinal integrity, and its composition is under the surveillance of the normal mucosal immune system. Inflammation caused by an abnormal immune response can affect the balance of the gut microbiome and lead to intestinal disease. Yoo et al. (2020) found that intestinal flora imbalance or negative changes in the composition of intestinal microorganisms can also dysregulate the immune response, causing inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Over time, chronic dysbiosis and the translocation of bacteria and their metabolites across mucosal barriers may increase the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune diseases, and various cancers. 3.4 Interaction between intestinal microbiome and host genes The interaction between the intestinal microbiome and host genes is also one of the important directions of current research. Studies by Hills et al. (2019) have shown that the intestinal microbiome can affect the expression and regulation of host genes, thereby participating in the regulation of host physiological and pathological processes. Host genes also influence the composition and function of the gut microbiome. Some genes can affect the diversity and stability of the gut microbiome, thereby affecting gut health. The intestinal microbiome can also affect the expression and regulation of host genes through epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation. On January 3, 2024, Professor Fu Jingyuan’s team from the University Medical Center of Groningen in the Netherlands published a research paper in the form of a long article in Nature magazine. Based on a large-scale population cohort, this work established the genome-genome association between humans and intestinal microorganisms for the first time, and discovered specific nutritional components determined by the host genetic background, which can screen intestinal microbial strains carrying specific genome fragments. (Zhernakova et al., 2024). Through in-depth study of these relationships, it was found that the association between intestinal microorganisms and host health is also regulated by the host's genetic background, which also provides an important reference for individualized targeted flora intervention. Through large-scale association analysis, this study revealed that human The regulatory relationship between the first and second genomes provides an important theoretical supplement to the human body-symbiotic microbial interaction mechanism and emphasizes the reliability of the microbiome research paradigm dominated by microbial genetic diversity.
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