Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.3, 106-116 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 111 promoting the development of exoexo-based diagnostic technologies and achieving reliable comparisons of different research results (Demirci et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021; Du et al., 2022; Shen et al., 2023; Hu and Gao, 2025). Solving these problems will contribute to the wide application of exosome liquid biopsy technology in clinical practice. Figure 2 Schematic diagrams of microfluidic SERS-based aptasensors (Adopted from Hu and Gao, 2025) 6 Clinical Translation and Challenges 6.1 The current development status and clinical trial status of liquid biopsy products based on exosomes Liquid biopsy based on exosomes has rapidly moved from laboratory research to the clinical application stage. Currently, a variety of related products and detection methods are being evaluated or put into use in clinical Settings. It is particularly worth mentioning that the prostate cancer detection method based on exosome RNA has been used by tens of thousands of patients and incorporated into the clinical guidelines for early detection, which fully demonstrates the value of exosome diagnosis in practical applications (Breakefield et al., 2021). Clinical trials and studies have also shown that exobody-based diagnostic methods have achieved good results in the early detection, classification and disease monitoring of various cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and sarcoma. Relevant personnel are committed to verifying their effectiveness in a larger patient population (Song et al., 2020; Caruso et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2025). Despite these advancements, most exosome-based liquid biopsy methods are still in the early stages of clinical transformation, and many applications are still in the clinical trial stage. At present, most exosome-based diagnostic methods are testing their capabilities in improving early diagnosis, predicting prognosis and monitoring
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