Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.3, 136-144 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 142 efficacy and overcome drug resistance. Both preclinical studies and clinical trials are exploring the use of chemotherapy or radiotherapy first to reduce the number of tumors and improve the tumor environment, so that CAR-T cells can proliferate and function better (Sterner and Sterner, 2021; Kong et al., 2025; Lee et al., 2025). In addition, the combined use of CAR-T cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors (such as PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockers) can prevent the functional decline of T cells, prolong the action time of CAR-T cells, and enhance their ability to fight tumors. These combined treatment methods have shown good prospects in the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors, providing a new direction for improving the therapeutic effect of patients and prolonging the benefits of CAR-T treatment (Sterner and Sterner, 2021; Kong et al., 2025; Lee et al., 2025). 7 Conclusions and Future Prospects CAR-T cell therapy has rapidly rewritten the treatment situation of hematological malignancies, bringing new hope to relapsed or refractory patients who once had few treatment options. CAR-T therapy targeting CD19 and BCMA has been approved and achieved clinical success, which proves its ability to enable some patients with B-cell cancer to achieve long-term remission or even cure, and also makes CAR-T an important means of modern hematological treatment. However, even with these achievements, CAR-T therapy is still not universally effective and accessible to everyone. Currently, only a small number of patients and specific types of malignant tumors benefit. Continuous research and clinical practice are constantly expanding its application scope and improving its application in blood diseases and other underlying conditions. The current focus of the research lies in solving problems such as antigen escape and T-cell functional decline, improving the persistence of CAR-T therapeutic effects, and simultaneously developing a new generation of CAR structures to enhance their survival ability and multi-antigen recognition ability. Reducing therapeutic toxicity, especially cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity, remains the core objective. Currently, people are actively researching innovative methods such as safety control devices and optimized medication regimens. Expand the applicable diseases of CAR-T therapy, including seeking new tumor-associated antigens, optimizing the role of CAR-T cells in complex tumor environments, and exploring its possibilities in the treatment of solid tumors and autoimmune diseases. Advanced technologies such as single-cell sequencing and artificial intelligence are also being used to achieve personalized customization and effect optimization of CAR-T cell products. The existing autologous CAR-T preparation process is complex, costly and time-consuming, which seriously limits the promotion of the therapy. The future development direction is to develop "ready-made" allogeneic and IPSC-derived CAR-T products, which can achieve rapid large-scale production and reduce costs. Simplifying the production and distribution processes and strengthening global cooperation are crucial for making CAR-T therapy affordable and accessible to more patients. Although CAR-T cell therapy has greatly changed the treatment model of hematological malignancies, continuous innovation is still needed to further improve the therapeutic effect, reduce side effects and enable all patients to receive treatment fairly. Acknowledgments The authors extend their sincere thanks to Mrs.Xuan for her feedback on the initial draft of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Abbasi S., Abbasi M., Goleij P., Totmaj M., Isazadeh A, Behroozi J., Shademan B., Baradaran B., and Hajazimian S., 2022, Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR‐T) cells: novel cell therapy for hematological malignancies, Cancer Medicine, 12(7): 7844-7858. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.5551 Abreu T.R., Fonseca N.A., Gonçalves N., and Moreira J.N., 2019, Current challenges and emerging opportunities of CAR-T cell therapies, Journal of Controlled Release, 319: 246-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.047
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