Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.3, 117-125 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 123 6.3 Strengthen translational research and interdisciplinary cooperation Translational research can apply the research results of the laboratory to clinical treatment and accelerate the development of new methods for treating endocrine-resistant breast cancer. The collaboration of molecular biologists, doctors, bioinformatics experts and pharmaceutical scientists is important for turning basic research results into practical and effective clinical treatment methods (Chen et al., 2017; Tanwar et al., 2025). Interdisciplinary collaboration also helps to design and conduct innovative clinical trials, verify newly discovered biomarkers, and enable new treatment methods to be applied to clinical treatment more quickly. Strengthening these cooperative networks is the key to overcoming current treatment challenges and can promote the development of breast cancer treatment towards more effective personalized treatment (Chen et al., 2017; Tanwar et al., 2025). 7 Concluding Remarks Breast cancer develops resistance to endocrine therapy because of the combined effect of various molecular changes in the body, such as variations in somatic cells (for instance, variations in the ESR1 gene), alterations in gene expression, and changes in the surrounding environment of the tumor. The obstruction of estrogen receptor signal transmission, the activation of other tumor growth pathways (such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway), and the alteration of cellular metabolism and the way cells cope with stress all lead to drug resistance in breast cancer from the very beginning or after treatment, resulting in a deterioration of the efficacy of conventional endocrine therapy. Since endocrine resistance in breast cancer is caused by multiple factors, the comprehensive treatment regimen that combines endocrine therapy with targeted drugs (such as CDK4/6, PI3K and mTOR inhibitors) has been proven in clinical trials to prolong the disease-free progression time and overall survival time of patients. Combining newly developed drugs, immunotherapy methods, and treatment plans based on biomarkers is crucial for addressing multiple drug resistance issues and improving the therapeutic outcomes of patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. In order to promote the development of breast cancer treatment and achieve truly personalized treatment, it is urgently necessary to carry out large-scale and multi-center clinical studies now to verify which biomarkers can predict the treatment effect, evaluate new treatment combinations, and optimize the criteria for selecting patients to receive treatment. This kind of collaborative research helps to transform the understanding of molecular mechanisms into effective personalized treatment plans and improve the survival rate of patients with endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Acknowledgments We extend our sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the initial draft of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Alfakeeh A., and Brezden-Masley C., 2018, Overcoming endocrine resistance in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, Current Oncology, 25(Suppl 1): S18-S27. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.25.3752 Chen S., Liu C., Huang T., Wu C., Petrossian K., and Tseng L., 2017, Treatment for the endocrine resistant breast cancer: current options and future perspectives, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 172: 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.001 Desai K., and Haque M., 2019, Pathways to endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer, Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10: 573. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00573 Guo L.Q., and Wu J.Y., 2024, Advances and prospects in whole-genome sequencing studies of prostate cancer, Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 12(2): 79-87. https://doi.org/10.5376/cge.2024.12.0010 Fan W., Fu P., and Chang J., 2015, Endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer: current status, possible mechanisms and overcoming strategies, Future medicinal Chemistry, 7(12): 1511-1519.
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