Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.3, 106-116 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 113 7.2 The potential of exosomes in individualized medicine and treatment response prediction Exosomes contain a variety of biomolecules and can reflect the changes of tumor cells, thus having great application value in personalized medicine. By analyzing the molecules in exosomes, doctors can understand the uniqueness of each patient's tumor, track the disease progression, and then formulate individualized treatment plans (Contreras-Naranjo et al., 2017). This personalized treatment method is expected to improve the therapeutic effect, reduce adverse reactions, and flexibly adjust the treatment strategy based on the immediate molecular detection results (Zhong et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2025). In addition, exosomes can serve as biological indicators for evaluating therapeutic effects, assisting doctors in determining which patients may benefit from specific treatments and which may develop drug resistance. Since exosomes can continuously reflect the tumor status in a non-invasive way, it is convenient for long-term monitoring of the disease and early intervention, which plays a key role in optimizing personalized cancer treatment (Zhong et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2025). 7.3 Establish a unified database and bioinformatics platform for research integration The research on exosomes has developed rapidly, generating massive amounts of data. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to build a unified database and an advanced bioinformatics platform. Centralized data storage centers can promote data sharing, unify research standards, conduct comprehensive analyses, and accelerate the speed of discovering and validating biomarkers in different patient groups and various types of cancers. These platforms are of great significance for summarizing research results, standardizing research methods and promoting cooperation within the field (Chen et al., 2022). Bioinformatics tools developed for exosome data can integrate multi-omics data, facilitate the construction of predictive models, and also enable comparative analysis among different studies. The establishment of these resources plays an important role in applying the research results of exosomes to clinical practice, ensuring the reproducibility of research results, and promoting the innovation of cancer diagnosis and treatment (Chen et al., 2022). 8 Concluding Remarks Exosomes have shown great clinical application potential in the field of liquid biopsy diagnosis of cancer. This is attributed to their stable nature in biological body fluids, the ability to carry various molecules, and the ability to reflect the molecular state of the source tumor cells. Exosomes are present in common body fluids such as blood, urine and saliva. By taking advantage of this characteristic, people can monitor tumor changes in real time through non-invasive methods, achieve early diagnosis and evaluate treatment effects, which has significant advantages over traditional tissue biopsy. Clinical research and trials have confirmed the role of exosome biomarkers in the diagnosis of various cancers. Detection methods based on exosome RNA have now been included in the clinical guidelines for the early detection of prostate cancer. To fully tap the potential of exosomes in diagnosis and prognosis determination, technological progress and biomarker discovery are indispensable. Recently, innovations in microfluidic chips, nanomaterials, advanced biosensors, etc. in the separation, enrichment and detection of exosomes have enhanced the sensitivity and accuracy of detection. Continuous research on molecular characteristics such as micrornas and proteins in exosomes can help discover more clinically available biomarkers. The combination with artificial intelligence and the adoption of multimodal diagnostic methods will further enhance diagnostic accuracy and promote the development of personalized medicine. The key to promoting the development of exosome liquid biopsy technology lies in opening up the pathway between basic research and clinical application. At present, there are still many challenges, such as the need to formulate unified operation norms, carry out large-scale clinical validation, and clarify regulatory procedures, so as to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of test results in clinical applications. The collaboration of all parties to establish a unified database, share research data and standardize research methods will accelerate the process of exosome liquid biopsy technology moving from the laboratory to the clinical field, ultimately facilitating the diagnosis of cancer, disease monitoring and improving the treatment effect of patients.
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