Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.1, 11-20 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 15 and moderate alcohol consumption had lower risks (odds ratios OR were 0.86 and 0.90 respectively), while a Western diet and heavy alcohol consumption increased the risks (OR were 1.24 and 1.29 respectively) (Lu et al., 2017). Case-control studies from different regions (such as Canada and Jordan) also support that eating more fruits, vegetables or traditional diets may have protective effects, while eating more animal products or Western diets has no benefits and may even increase risks (Nkondjock et al., 2005). Figure 2 Forest plot of the meta-analyses assessing the association between dietary patterns and risk of pancreatic cancer (Adopted from Gianfredi et al., 2022) Image caption: The meta-analysisi did not provide adequte data to estimate the smmary effect size as presented by the authors of the original meta-analysis; CC: case-control; CO: cohort; Dark gren=convincing evidence; Light green=highly suggestive evidence; Orange=suggestive evidence; Yellow=weak evidence; Grey=no evidence (Adopted from Gianfredi et al., 2022) However, not all long-term follow-up studies (cohort studies) have found clear relationships. Some large-scale prospective studies, after considering other influencing factors (such as body mass index BMI and smoking), reported no significant association between a healthy or Western diet and the risk of pancreatic cancer (Michaud et al., 2005; Jin et al., 2021). These inconsistent results indicate that the influence of diet is complex and more research is needed to clarify the specific relationship between specific dietary patterns and pancreatic cancer. 5.2 Clinical dietary intervention: its impact on inflammatory markers and quality of life The number of randomized controlled trials studying dietary intervention is not large, but the existing evidence suggests that it may be beneficial for reducing inflammation and improving life, especially for high-risk groups. The dietary adjustment trial of the Women's Health Initiative found that low-fat diet intervention was associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer in overweight or obese women (hazard ratio HR=0.71), but had no such effect on women with normal weight (Jiao et al., 2018). This indicates that adjusting diet may be particularly useful for certain specific groups of people. Although most clinical studies focus on reducing risks, there are also studies investigating the impact of anti-inflammatory diets on inflammatory markers and patients' feelings. Adhering to a Mediterranean or plant-based diet (rich in anti-inflammatory components) is associated with reducing the body's inflammation levels and improving metabolic conditions. These changes may help enhance the quality of life and potentially
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