Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.1, 11-20 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 14 Figure 1 Summary of the relationship between food and pancreatic disease and CVD (Adopted from Chen et al., 2024) Image caption: Acronyms: DII=dietary inflammatory index; CVD=cardiovascular diseases; LPS: lipopolysaccharides (Adopted from Chen et al., 2024) 4.2 Cellular level: effects on cell reproduction, movement and death At the cellular level, anti-inflammatory feed has been proven to slow down the reproduction rate of tumor cells and promote programmed cell death. In mice fed with whey peptides, tumor tissues showed a lower cell reproduction rate (decreased Ki-67 expression) and a higher level of cell death (increased dead cells detected by TUNEL staining). These changes were accompanied by a reduction in new angiogenesis, further limiting tumor expansion (Liu et al., 2023). The natural products and phytochemical components in anti-inflammatory feed can regulate key processes such as cell movement and the entry of immune cells into the tumor area, thereby disrupting the surrounding environment of the tumor and inhibiting cancer development. These effects are achieved by regulating the signaling pathways and inflammatory substances involved in the survival and spread of tumor cells (Gandhi et al., 2022). 4.3 Key experimental data: inflammatory indicators, pathological changes and molecular mechanisms Laboratory studies usually evaluate the effect of anti-inflammatory feed through a variety of experimental data. This includes measuring inflammatory indicators (such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), which often decrease after feed intervention, reflecting the reduction of systemic and local inflammation (Onuma et al., 2015; Indukuri et al., 2019; Gandhi et al., 2022). Pathological examination showed that the aggregation of inflammatory cells in the tumor and surrounding tissues decreased, and the tissue structure was improved (Liu et al., 2023). At the molecular level, anti-inflammatory diets reduced the expression of genes related to inflammation and tumor development (such as TNF-α, CCL3, CXCL2), and inhibited pro-inflammatory signaling pathways like NF-κB (Onuma et al., 2015; Gandhi et al., 2022). These molecular-level changes, coupled with the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity and the improvement of immune function, provide the underlying scientific explanation for the observed anti-tumor effect. 5 Epidemiological and Clinical Studies 5.1 Large-scale observational studies linking dietary patterns to disease risks Large-scale data aggregation analyses (meta-analyses and systematic reviews) consistently show that a healthy diet - characterized by consuming more fruits, vegetables, whole grains and plant-based foods - is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer. On the contrary, a Western diet that consumes more red meat, processed meat, refined grains and sugar will increase the risk (Figure 2) (Bosetti et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2017; Tayyem et al., 2022; Gianfredi et al., 2022). For instance, an analysis that combined the results of 32 studies found that a healthy diet
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