Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.1, 11-20 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 13 et al., 2022). By influencing important inflammation-related signaling pathways, polyphenols help inhibit conditions conducive to tumor growth and may enhance the efficacy of conventional treatments (Hu et al., 2022). For instance, studies have shown that quercetin can make pancreatic cancer cells more sensitive to chemotherapy drugs, which is achieved by influencing oxidation and inflammatory pathways (including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) -mediated signaling) (Hu et al., 2022). Polyphenols can regulate the immune response and prevent the release of immunosuppressive factors, which further supports their role in preventing cancer cells from evading immune attacks and also indicates that they can be used as useful adjunct means for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. 3.2 Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA/DHA) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially EPA and DHA, are an important part of the anti-inflammatory diet, mainly coming from fatty fish and some vegetable oils. These fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory effects by influencing the functioning of immune cells, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory substances, and helping to end the inflammatory process (Takahashi et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2024). In these ways, omega-3 PUFAs may help combat the long-term inflammatory state associated with the occurrence of pancreatic cancer. Studies have shown that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can promote the death of cancer cells and may also inhibit tumor growth by altering the structure of cell membranes and affecting the signaling pathways for cell survival (Takahashi et al., 2012). Their roles in reducing hyperlipidemia and improving metabolic health also indicate that they can be incorporated into dietary plans aimed at reducing the risk of pancreatic cancer and slowing down the progression of the disease. 3.3 Dietary fiber and prebiotics: produce short-chain fatty acids that interact with intestinal bacteria Dietary fiber and prebiotics in whole grains, fruits and vegetables are crucial for shaping the intestinal flora environment and promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate. Short-chain fatty acids can alleviate inflammation, help maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier, and reduce systemic inflammation that may affect the pancreas (Chen et al., 2024; Ye and Yan, 2024). Eating more high-fiber foods and creating a healthy intestinal flora environment can regulate immune responses and inflammatory signals, which may in turn reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. In addition, consuming more anti-inflammatory diets rich in fiber and prebiotics can reduce the levels of harmful metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which are associated with heart and pancreatic diseases. The interaction among diet, gut microbiota and inflammation demonstrates that dietary fiber and prebiotics play a significant role in the overall strategy for the prevention and control of pancreatic cancer (Figure 1) (Chen et al., 2024). 4 Preclinical Evidence 4.1 The effect of anti-inflammatory feed on tumor growth in animal models Animal experiments have shown that anti-inflammatory feed can significantly prevent tumor growth. For instance, intestinal feed mainly containing whey peptides can reduce the tumor weight of tumor-bearing mice and inhibit their growth, indicating that the active ingredients of this feed can directly combat tumors (Liu et al., 2023). Similarly, in cancer models caused by inflammation, a diet with added fermented brown rice bran (FBRA) could reduce the chance of tumor occurrence, and the higher the concentration of FBRA, the better the effect (Onuma et al., 2015). These dietary interventions not only inhibited tumor growth but also reduced the aggregation of inflammatory cells in the tumor area, indicating that the anti-inflammatory properties of the feed are one of the reasons for its anti-cancer effect (Onuma et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2023). These findings highlight the possibility of anti-inflammatory dietary strategies as an adjunctive means for cancer prevention and treatment.
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