Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.1, 1-10 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 7 These technologies can accelerate the speed of clarifying the functions of genetic changes, help develop individualized treatment methods, and ultimately improve the early detection, prevention and treatment strategies of CRC (Yuan et al., 2021; Alipourgivi et al., 2023). 7 Concluding Remarks The research on the genetic risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is shifting from focusing only on individual gene changes to multi-faceted studies that combine gene, gene activity (transcriptome), and functional data. Recent work has combined genome-wide association studies (GWAS), gene activity association studies (TWAS), and functional experiments to search for new susceptibility genes and understand the biological causes of CRC development. The approach of combining data from different populations and multiple molecular sources is making risk predictions more accurate and laying the foundation for more effective, individualized prevention measures. This multi-faceted research also helps to understand the complexity of CRC, including the different locations of tumor growth and the differences in the ancestral background of the population, which is crucial for improving the targeting of prevention and screening recommendations. As research continues to break through the old framework, this field is moving towards a comprehensive grasp of CRC risks. From identifying significant individual gene variations to developing and using the polygenic Risk Score (PRS), this represents a major change in the research of CRC genes and the way they are treated. Although checking individual genes remains important for identifying patients with genetic syndromes, PRS incorporates the influence of many common minor changes, enabling risk classification for a wider range of people. This change makes risk assessment more detailed and may lead to the formulation of specialized screening and prevention plans based on an individual's overall genetic risk. Adding PRS to the medical treatment model can better predict risks than only looking at family history in the past, and support earlier and more accurate intervention for those at the highest risk. This change also indicates that it is necessary for everyone to collaborate on large-scale research to improve and verify PRS suitable for different populations. In order to truly make good use of genetic information to prevent CRC, high-quality studies involving various ethnic groups must be conducted. Combining and analyzing genetic data from different ancestral backgrounds has made risk prediction better and also indicates that screening programs need to take into account genetic differences among populations. This kind of research conducted among different populations is of great significance for establishing a unified risk assessment model and addressing the health unfairness of CRC outcomes. Continuous collection of large international data and strengthened cooperation will be the key to confirming gene discoveries, improving risk models, and turning the results into effective and fair CRC prevention methods. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Dr. Xuan continuous support throughout the development of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abulí A., Bessa X., González J.R., Ruíz-Ponte C., Cáceres A., Muñoz J., Gonzalo V., Balaguer F., Fernández-Rozadilla C., González D., De Castro L., Clofent J., Bujanda L., Cubiella J., Reñé J., Morillas J., Lanas Á., Rigau J., García A., Latorre M., Saló J., Bañares F., Argüello L., Pena E., Vilella À., Riestra S., Carreño R., Payá A., Alenda C., Xicola R., Doyle B., Jover R., Llor X., Carracedo Á., Castells A., Castellví-Bel S., and Andreu M., 2010, Susceptibility genetic variants associated with colorectal cancer risk correlate with cancer phenotype, Gastroenterology, 139(3): 788-796. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.072 Alipourgivi F., Motolani A., Qiu A.Y., Qiang W., Yang G., Chen S., and Lu T., 2023, Genetic alterations of NF-κB and its regulators: a rich platform to advance colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(1): 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010154 Bischof J., Woodsmith J., and Church D., 2024, Abstract 409: deciphering chromosomal instability in consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) in CRC: Insights from an integrative multi-omics approach, Cancer Research, 84(6_Supplement): 409-409. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-409
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