Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics 2024, Vol.12, No.5, 294-305 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 303 PARP inhibitors for BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer patients could improve therapeutic outcomes by increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to treatment. Moreover, the ability to edit immune cells using CRISPR may enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy, particularly by modifying T cells or NK cells to better target and destroy ovarian cancer cells. Gene editing also holds promise in the realm of early detection and prevention. CRISPR-based diagnostic tools could be used to detect genetic mutations or cancer markers at an earlier stage, allowing for earlier intervention and potentially preventing the onset of the disease. Furthermore, the correction of hereditary mutations such as those in BRCA1 or BRCA2 could serve as a preventative measure for high-risk individuals. The future impact of gene editing is vast, with the potential to change the way ovarian cancer is detected, treated, and prevented, ultimately improving patient outcomes and survival rates. While the future of gene editing in ovarian cancer appears promising, long-term success will require addressing several key research priorities. First, ensuring the precision and safety of gene editing is essential to avoid off-target effects that could lead to unintended consequences. The development of more precise editing tools, such as base and prime editing, will be crucial in achieving this goal. Second, effective delivery systems that can target ovarian cancer cells while minimizing off-target effects in healthy tissues remain a significant challenge. Research into more efficient, tumor-specific delivery mechanisms, such as advanced nanoparticles or viral vectors, is needed to improve the clinical application of gene editing technologies. Third, overcoming tumor heterogeneity is a major barrier to the success of gene editing therapies. Future research should focus on developing strategies that can target the diverse genetic profiles within a tumor, possibly through combination therapies or multi-targeted gene editing approaches. Additionally, ethical considerations, particularly regarding germline editing, must be carefully addressed as gene editing technologies continue to advance. Ensuring equitable access to these therapies and managing the long-term societal implications will be critical as gene editing moves closer to widespread clinical use. Ultimately, the continued development of gene editing technologies, combined with a focus on precision, delivery, and ethical responsibility, will shape the future of ovarian cancer treatment and significantly improve patient outcomes. Acknowledgments Sincere thanks to the peer reviewers for their valuable feedback on the initial draft of this manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ata H., Ekstrom T.L., Martínez-Gálvez G., Mann C.M., Dvornikov A.V., Schaefbauer K.J., Ma A.C., Dobbs D., Clark K.J., and Ekker S.C., 2018, Robust activation of microhomology-mediated end joining for precision gene editing applications, PLoS Genetics, 14(9): e1007652. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007652 PMID: 30208061 PMCID: PMC6152997 Aust S., Schwameis R., Müllauer L., Prager G., Grech C., Gagic T., Reinthaller A., Kölbl H., Grimm C., and Polterauer S., 2019, EP861 precision medicine tumor boards: applicability of personalized treatment concepts in ovarian cancer, International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 29(4): A468. https://doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-ESGO.722 Áyen Á., Jiménez-Martínez Y., Marchal J.A., and Boulaiz H., 2018, Recent progress in gene therapy for ovarian cancer, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7): 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071930 PMID: 29966369 PMCID: PMC6073662 Choudhury S.R., Cui Y., Lubecka K., Stefańska B., and Irudayaraj J., 2016, CRISPR/dCas9 mediated TET1 targeting for selective DNA demethylation at BRCA1 promoter, Oncotarget, 7(31): 46545-46556. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.10234 PMID: 27356740 PMCID: PMC5216816 Dai J., Erkan E.P., Zhang K.Y., Kaipio K., Lamminen T., Huhtinen K., Hynninen J., Grenman S., Carpen O.K., Hautaniem S., and Vähärautio A., 2018, Abstract B40: High-throughput screening of new potential targets for high-grade serous ovarian cancer treatment, Genetics and Molecular Drivers, 24(15_Supplement): B40. https://doi.org/10.1158/1557-3265.OVCA17-B40 Dunbar C.E., High K.A., Joung J.K., Kohn D.B., Ozawa K., and Sadelain M., 2018, Gene therapy comes of age, Science, 359(6372): eaan4672. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan4672
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