Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics 2024, Vol.12, No.4, 166-181 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 178 Therefore, improving the classification of VUS and understanding the functional impact of these variants is critical for enhancing the utility of genetic testing. Additionally, the identification of genetic modifiers and their relationship with pathological subtypes of breast cancer can refine risk prediction models and guide therapeutic approaches. The pathogenesis of breast cancer is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic factors. While significant progress has been made in identifying key susceptibility genes, much remains to be understood about the underlying mechanisms and the role of less common genetic variants. Future research should focus on elucidating the functional impact of identified variants, improving the classification of VUS, and integrating genetic information into comprehensive risk assessment models. 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