Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics 2024, Vol.12, No.1, 1-7 http://www.medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 5 CAR-T cell therapy is a treatment method that utilizes engineered T cells to target and attack cancer cells (Jiang et al., 2022). Scientists are actively researching ways to enhance the design of CAR-T cells to improve their therapeutic efficacy and safety. While immune checkpoint inhibitors have achieved significant success, a portion of patients still does not respond effectively to this treatment. Consequently, researchers are investigating the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy to enhance overall treatment outcomes. Scientists are also on the lookout for novel immunomodulators to activate the immune system's ability to target tumors. This includes the search for new immune checkpoint molecules, immune cell activators, tumor-associated antigens, and more. The emergence of gene editing technologies (such as CRISPR-Cas9) provides a new tool for the development of immunomodulators. Researchers can use gene editing techniques to modify the functions of immune cells, enabling them to better target and attack cancer cells. The microbiome plays a crucial role in immune system regulation. Scientists are exploring how to enhance the immune system's ability to target tumors by modulating the gut microbiome. 3.2 Development of personalized immunotherapy Personalized immunotherapy is an approach to individualized treatment based on patient-specific differences. It involves designing precise treatment plans considering factors such as the patient's genetic background, immune status, and other variables, aiming for optimal therapeutic outcomes. Personalized immunotherapy represents a significant trend in the future of cancer treatment. Although it currently faces numerous challenges, continuous technological advancements are expected to bring about more precise and effective treatment strategies in clinical practice. With the continuous advancement of molecular biology and genomics technologies, scientists can acquire patients' molecular characteristics through methods such as gene testing and genetic sequencing. Based on this information, individualized treatments like targeted therapy can be implemented. While immunotherapeutic drugs show promising prospects in cancer treatment, there are still cases where the therapeutic outcomes are suboptimal. With in-depth research on the mechanisms of cancer immunotherapy, scientists can develop more precise treatment plans from the perspective of individual patient differences, such as personalized application of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cellular immunotherapy involves utilizing biotechnology to transform a patient's own immune cells into cells with anti-tumor capabilities, which are then reintroduced into the patient's body for treatment (Huang et al., 2019). Personalized cellular immunotherapy can be precisely designed based on factors such as the patient's immune status and the characteristics of immune cells, aiming to achieve better treatment outcomes. 3.3 Combination application of immunomodulators with other treatment methods The combined application of immunomodulators with other treatment methods represents a comprehensive therapeutic strategy aimed at enhancing treatment outcomes through the synergistic effects of different therapeutic approaches. The combined use of immunomodulators with other treatment methods requires the individualized design of treatment plans based on the specific conditions of each patient, along with vigilant monitoring and assessment in clinical practice. Additionally, the combination approach may increase treatment side effects and risks, necessitating guidance under the supervision of a qualified medical professional. Chemotherapy is a treatment method that utilizes chemical drugs to kill cancer cells. However, chemotherapy can also cause damage to normal cells and the immune system. Immunomodulators can enhance immune system function, improve the body's tolerance to chemotherapy, and enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Targeted therapy is a treatment method that inhibits the growth and spread of cancer cells by targeting specific molecular targets on cancer cells. Immunotherapy activates the immune system, enhancing its ability to attack cancer cells. The combination of these approaches can improve treatment outcomes and reduce the occurrence of drug resistance (Barbari et al., 2021).
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