Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics 2024, Vol.12, No.1, 1-7 http://www.medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 1 Review and Progress Open Access The Application Prospects of Immunomodulators in Cancer Treatment TinaWang Biotechnology Research Center, Cuixi Academy of Biotechnology, Zhuji, 311800, China Corresponding author email: 1507666916@qq.com Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2024, Vol.14, No.1 doi: 10.5376/cge.2024.12.0001 Received: 20 Nov., 2023 Accepted: 21 Dec., 2023 Published: 01 Jan., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Wang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Wang T., 2024, The application prospects of immunomodulators in cancer treatment, Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 14(1): 1-7 (doi: 10.5376/cge.2024.12.0001) Abstract Cancer is a significant global health issue with increasing incidence and mortality rates. Traditional cancer treatment methods, including surgical removal, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have achieved some efficacy to a certain extent but still pose many limitations and side effects. Therefore, finding new treatment strategies has become a focal point in current cancer research. Immune modulators, as a novel approach to cancer treatment, have the characteristics of regulating the immune system and enhancing the body's immune response, showing promising results in clinical practice. However, there is currently some controversy and uncertainty regarding the prospects of immune modulators in cancer treatment. Thus, this review aims to summarize the application prospects of immune modulators in cancer treatment, explore their mechanisms of action, clinical application status, and development trends, providing a reference for further research and clinical practice. Keywords Immune modulators; Cancer treatment; Immune system; Body immune response; Development trends Cancer causes millions of deaths annually, and despite the partial success of traditional cancer treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, they have limitations and side effects. These include damage to normal cells, the development of drug resistance, and the recurrence of tumors post-treatment. Therefore, finding new treatment strategies has become a key focus in current cancer research. Immune modulators have emerged as a crucial area of study in the field of cancer treatment. The immune system plays a critical role in combating cancer by recognizing and eliminating abnormal cells, thus preventing the development and spread of tumors (Omar et al., 2019). However, cancer cells often evade attacks from the immune system through various mechanisms, leading to immune tolerance and escape. Therefore, by modulating the immune system and enhancing the body's immune response, it is possible to effectively suppress the growth and metastasis of tumors. The mechanisms of action of immune modulators are diverse, including the activation of immune cells, enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses, and inhibition of tumor immune escape. The application of these immune modulators provides new perspectives and approaches for cancer treatment. Currently, immune modulators have shown encouraging results in clinical applications. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been widely used in the treatment of various cancers, such as melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma (Shiravand et al., 2022), achieving significant therapeutic effects. Additionally, other types of immune modulators, such as cytokines and tumor vaccines, have demonstrated certain potential in clinical trials. However, immune modulators still face challenges and limitations in cancer treatment. Variability in immune responses among different tumor types and individuals necessitates further research and optimization of the selection and application of immune modulators. The side effects and safety of immune modulators also require careful consideration, especially in long-term and combination therapies. Additionally, the efficacy and resistance issues of immune modulators need further investigation and resolution. This review provides an overview of immune modulators, with a focus on their application in cancer treatment, including their anti-tumor mechanisms and application cases in different types of cancer. Simultaneously, it discusses the development trends and prospects of immune modulators, encompassing the development of novel immune modulators, the advancement of personalized immune therapies, and the combined application of
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