Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics 2024, Vol.12, No.1, 27-36 http://www.medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 29 enhancing women's health awareness, and improving healthcare resources are pivotal measures to reduce the incidence and mortality rates of female cancers (Bray et al., 2018; Siegel et al., 2019) (Figure 1). Figure 1 The survival rates of female cancers over the past five years 1.3 Classification of female cancers 1.3.1 Breast cancer Breast cancer stands as one of the most prevalent cancers among women, typically occurring within the breast tissues. Symptoms of breast cancer encompass breast lumps, skin dimpling, nipple discharge, nipple pain, among others. The classification of breast cancer includes primary breast cancer, metastatic breast cancer, and local recurrent breast cancer. Pathological characteristics of breast cancer involve cell nuclear abnormalities, proliferation, mitotic figures, imbalance in cytoplasm and nuclear ratios, and more. Histological types of breast cancer comprise ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, breast carcinoma in situ, among others. The differentiation grades of breast cancer encompass highly differentiated, moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated categories (Nejati et al., 2021; Spoor et al., 2023) (Figure 2). Figure 2 Cancer cells in the microscope 1.3.2 Cervical cancer Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of cancers in the female reproductive system, typically caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Symptoms of cervical cancer include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain, and bleeding during sexual intercourse. Classification of cervical cancer includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, among others. The pathological features of cervical cancer include cell nuclear abnormalities, cell nuclear proliferation, mitotic figures, imbalance in cytoplasm and nuclear ratios, and more. Histological types of cervical cancer comprise squamous cell carcinoma,
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