Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics 2024, Vol.12, No.1, 1-7 http://www.medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 7 The potential application of immunomodulators in early cancer diagnosis and prevention holds promise (Zhu et al., 2023). Subsequent research will investigate the mechanisms of action of immunomodulators in early cancer diagnosis and prevention, along with the development of corresponding treatment strategies. The application of immunomodulators requires consideration of their safety and side effects. Future research will continue to focus on the safety of immune modulators and seek methods to reduce side effects, enhancing the acceptability and effectiveness of treatments. In conclusion, the outlook for the application of immunomodulators in cancer treatment is very promising, but further research and validation are needed. With the continuous progress of scientific and technological advancements, we anticipate the emergence of more innovative immunomodulators and treatment strategies, bringing improved therapeutic outcomes and survival rates for cancer patients. References Barbari C., Fontaine T., Parajuli P., Lamichhane N., Jakubski S., Lamichhane P., and Deshmukh R.R., 2020, Immunotherapies and combination strategies fo Acknowledgments From the selection of the topic for this study to the final completion of the project, gratitude is extended to Ms. Yeping Han for her valuable input and suggestions. r immuno-oncology, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21: 5009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145009 PMid:32679922 PMCid:PMC7404041 Da Silva C.G., Camps M.G.M., Li T.M.W.Y., Chan A.B., Ossendorp F., and Cruz L.J., 2019, Co-delivery of immunomodulators in biodegradable nanoparticles improves therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccines, Biomaterials, 220: 119417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119417 PMid:31419588 Jiang Y., Wen W.H., Yang F., Nie D., Zhang W.H., and Qin W.J., 2022, Research progress of multi-target CAR-T cell therapy for cancer, Zhongliu Fangzhi Yanjiu (Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment), 49(7): 709-714. Huang D., Gong C., and Song E.W., 2019, Adoptive immune cell therapy for malignant tumors moves from “individualization” to “precision”, Shengming Kexue (Chinese Bulletin of Life Sciences), 31(7): 651-659. Huang Q., Zheng Y., Gao Z., Yuan L., Sun Y., and Chen H., 2021, Comparative efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for patients with solid tumors: a 8: 86. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00086 systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis, J. Cancer, 12: 1133. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.49325 PMid:33442411 PMCid:PMC7797652 Seidel J., Otsuka A., and Kabashima K., 2018, Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 therapies in cancer: mechanisms of action, efficacy, and limitations, Front. Oncol., PMid:29644214 PMCid:PMC5883082 Huang S.J., Qiu X.D., Li W.Y., Tang K.R., Wu Q., Deng H.Y., Deng L.F., and Huang L., 2020, Cellular crosstalk and tumorigenic mechanisms in tumor targeting immune checkpoints and the tumor microenvironment, The FEBS Journal, 286(18): 3540-3557. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15000 cell differentiation in peripheral blood, Shengming Gongcheng Xuebao (Chinese Journal of Biotechnology), 38(9): 3329-3343. microenvironment, Shengming Kexue (Chinese Bulletin of Life Sciences), 32(4): 315-324. Liu L., Jiao P.T., Wang M., Li J., Sun L., Fan W.H., and Liu W.J., 2022, Effects of chicken interferon-γ and interleukin-2 on cytokines related to Th1 Omar H.A., El-Serafi A.T., Hersi F., Arafa E.S.A., Zaher D.M., Madkour M., Arab H.H., and Tolba M.F., 2019, Immunomodulatory MicroRNAs in cancer: PMid:31306553 Shiravand Y., Khodadadi F., Kashani S.M.A., Hosseini-Fard S.R., Hosseini S., Sadeghirad H., Ladwa R., Byrne K.O., and Kulasinghe A., 2022, Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy, Current Oncology, 29(5): 3044-3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29050247 PMid:35621637 PMCid:PMC9139602 Zhu X.X., Chen H.Z., Cui K.Y., Zhong W., Peng X.S., and Zhou Y.B., 2023, Current situation and prospect of exosomes application in tumor diagnosis and treatment, Zhongguo Yixue Daobao (China Medical Herald), 20(9): 41-45.
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