Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 274-282 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 280 8 Concluding Remarks Agronomic practices such as light management, irrigation, nutrient supplementation, planting density, pruning, and hormone application have consistently demonstrated influence on accumulation of the key secondary metabolites in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Both tanshinones and salvianolic acids respond dynamically to environmental and cultivation factors, and their optimal combination results in enhanced biosynthesis, hence a higher metabolite content. Integration of physiological, biochemical, and molecular observation disclosed that specific agronomic measures could effectively regulate the biosynthetic pathways. The control of secondary metabolite accumulation is highly complex due to interactions among multiple environmental and genetic factors. Multifactorial studies integrated with transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and epigenomic analyses enable holistic investigations into the underlying biosynthetic mechanisms. Such an integrative approach becomes of utmost importance in deciphering the signaling networks, transcriptional regulators, and metabolic fluxes that underlie metabolite production. Notwithstanding these advances, several lacunas still exist. The exact mechanisms by which individual agronomic parameters affect secondary metabolite biosynthesis are not yet well defined. Long-term effects, as well as interactions among multiple variables of cultivation and their impact on different development stages, are incompletely investigated. Finally, considerable challenges still lie in the translation of such laboratory-based studies into large-scale field cultivation under variable environmental conditions. Based on multi-omics and integrative studies, a comprehensive understanding of agronomic regulation presents a basis for standardized cultivation strategies with the purpose of attaining maximum yield and quality of bioactive compounds in S. miltiorrhiza. These insights are crucial to sustainable production with consistent therapeutic quality and the expansion of industrial applications of Danshen in medicine, functional foods, and nutraceuticals. Acknowledgments The authors extend heartfelt thanks to the research team for their meticulous assistance and proactive support throughout the study's implementation and data collection. We also sincerely appreciate the valuable feedback and constructive suggestions provided by the two anonymous reviewers during the peer review process, which significantly contributed to the refinement and enhancement of the paper. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bonaccini L., Karioti A., Bergonzi M., and Bilia A., 2015, Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on CNS neuronal injury and degeneration: a plausible complementary role of tanshinones and depsides, Planta Medica, 81(11): 1003-1016. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1546196 Chen H., Chen J., Qi Y., Chu S., Yu Y., Xu L., Lv S., Zhang H., Yang D., Zhu Y., Mans D., and Liang Z., 2021, Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots, Phytochemistry, 194: 113021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113021 Chen I., Lee M., Lin M., Ko C., and Chang W., 2018, Blue light decreases tanshinone IIA content in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots via genes regulation, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 183: 164-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.013 Cheng Y., Hong X., Zhang L., Yang W., Zeng Y., Hou Z., Yang Z., and Yang D., 2023, Transcriptomic analysis provides insight into the regulation mechanism of silver ions (Ag⁺ ) and jasmonic acid methyl ester (MeJA) on secondary metabolism in the hairy roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae), Medicinal Plant Biology. https://doi.org/10.48130/mpb-2023-0003 He X., Chen Y., Xia Y., Hong X., You H., Zhang R., Liang Z., Cui Q., Zhang S., Zhou M., and Yang D., 2023, DNA methylation regulates biosynthesis of tanshinones and phenolic acids during growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza, Plant Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad573 Hou M., Gao D., Chen W., Jiang W., Yu D., and Li X., 2024, UHPLC-QTOF-MS-based targeted metabolomics provides novel insights into the accumulative mechanism of soil types on the bioactive components of Salvia miltiorrhiza, Molecules, 29: 4016. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174016
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