Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 254-263 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 257 curcumin induces autophagy and suppresses the Akt/mTOR pathway, which promotes cell survival and diminishes inflammatory cell death (Guo et al., 2016). Mechanistically, curcumin inhibits macrophage activation, thus dampening the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while enhancing anti-inflammatory phenotypes, such as CD206 expression. Curcumin also represses dendritic cell maturation and cytokine release, modulating innate and adaptive immune responses (Fuloria et al., 2022; Nicoliche et al., 2024) (Figure 2). Figure 2 The mechanism of curcumin in reducing inflammation,anabolic and apoptosis (Adopted from Fuloria et al., 2022) 4 Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory Effects of Curcuma longa and Curcumin 4.1 Modulation of innate immunity It enhances the innate immune response by the activation of macrophages and increases the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) by inducing the NF-κB pathway. Curcumin increases NK cytotoxicity, enhancing DC functioning, while at the same time suppressing excessive neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis, balancing immun activation and inflammation (Memarzia et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2024). 4.2 Modulation of adaptive immunity Curcumin may modulate adaptive immunity through the regulation of T and B lymphocytes' responses. It can affect T helper differentiation by downregulating Th1, Th2, and Th17, while upregulating regulatory T cells (Tregs). Curcumin also increases T follicular helper cell and germinal center B cell immune responses, which will account for better antibody productions and an improved humoral immunity (Kim et al., 2019; Haftcheshmeh et al., 2022; Zeng et al., 2022). 4.3 Regulation of inflammasomes and immune responses Curcumin inhibits activation and assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome-a critical driver of IL-1β and IL-18
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==