Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.5, 224-232 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 230 8 Concluding Remarks Astragalus membranaceus has been found to possess therapeutic significance in the treatment of acute and chronic respiratory infections including upper respiratory infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, COPD, asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis. The clinical evidence indicates that A. membranaceus either alone or in combination with traditional medicine has the ability to increase respiratory function, decrease inflammation, and improve immune function. Recent pharmacologic studies also revealed in greater detail mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-fibrotic activity validating its therapeutic use scientifically. Quality and reliability assurance of clinical evidence is a prerequisite to the application of A. membranaceus in evidence-based medicine. Reproducibility and efficacy can be guaranteed by standardization of products, meticulous trial design, standardization of outcomes measures, and proper reporting. Enhanced reinforcement of these variables will lead to high-quality clinical guidelines as well as safe and effective therapeutic application. Future research should be aimed at large-scale, multicenter randomized controlled trials to determine clinical effectiveness and safety in different populations. Combination of modern pharmacological studies with clinical trials can provide further insights into molecular mechanisms, optimize dosage regimens, and result in the discovery of bioactive molecules with selective activities. These approaches will advance the scientific merit of A. membranaceus, enable its standard use in pulmonary medicine, and accelerate modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank the research team for their thoughtful assistance and strong support during the conduct of the study and the organization of materials. The authors also express their gratitude to the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and constructive suggestions during the review process Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bing P., Zhou W., and Tan S., 2022, Study on the mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharide in treating pulmonary fibrosis based on “drug-target-pathway” network, Front. Pharmacol., 13: 865065. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.865065 Blonde L., Khunti K., Harris S., Meizinger C., and Skolnik N., 2018, Interpretation and impact of real-world clinical data for the practicing clinician, Adv. Ther., 35: 1763-1774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0805-y Chen F., Zhang Y., Wang X., Jing M., Zhang L., Pei K., Zhao T., and Su K., 2024, Protective effect of Astragaloside II against lung injury in COPD based on mTORC1/GSK-3β signaling pathway, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 177214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177214 Chen Z., Liu L., Gao C., Chen W., Vong C., Yao P., Yang Y., Li X., Tang X., Wang S., and Wang Y., 2020, Astragali Radix (Huangqi): a promising edible immunomodulatory herbal medicine, J. Ethnopharmacol., 112895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112895 Chu X., Liu X., Qiu J., Zeng X., Bao H., and Shu J., 2016, Effects of Astragalus and Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides on alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mice exposed to PM2.5, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 48: 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.10.006 D’Avino D., Cerqua I., Ullah H., Spinelli M., Di Matteo R., Granato E., Capasso R., Maruccio L., Ialenti A., Daglia M., Roviezzo F., and Rossi A., 2023, Beneficial effects of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge extract in controlling inflammatory response and preventing asthma features, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24: 10954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310954 De Lusignan S., Crawford L., and Munro N., 2015, Creating and using real-world evidence to answer questions about clinical effectiveness, BMJ Health Care Inform., 22: 368-373. https://doi.org/10.14236/jhi.v22i3.177 Ding J., Xue Q., Guo W., Cheng G., Zhang L., Huang T., Wu D., Tong J., Yang C., Gao Y., and Li Z., 2025, Mechanism of astragaloside A against lung adenocarcinoma based on network pharmacology combined with molecular dynamics simulation technique, Sci. Rep., 15: 94793. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94793-6
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