Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.5, 214-223 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 221 A. sinensis, as a traditional Chinese medicine, has been verified in modern pharmacological research, and has the potential to be transformed from the laboratory to clinical practice. This indicates that it can serve as an important candidate for adjuvant drug development, in the treatment of stroke, providing theoretical and experimental basis for future new drug research and development and comprehensive treatment plans (Han et al., 2021). 8 Concluding Remarks The manifestations of A. sinensis in the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems, are indeed not limited to one direction. It can fight inflammation and oxidation, and slow down cell apoptosis and protect nerves, functioning like a versatile agent. Among them, polysaccharides, ligustilide and ferulic acid are regarded as the "main forces". Their effects of improving blood circulation, protecting blood vessels, and promoting the recovery of nerve function have been reflected in many studies. The reason why it can produce so many pharmacological effects lies in the fact that, it does not follow a single path but is the result of the "combined force" of multiple signaling pathways, like the PI3K/Akt, MAPK and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, which play a supporting role in regulating inflammation and antioxidation. This also explains why it can bring benefits in multiple systems. But at this stage, our understanding of A. sinensis is still not complete. Although there have been many basic researches and animal experiments, there is still not much evidence that has been truly translated into clinical practice, especially the lack of large-scale and standardized clinical trials. This makes its "position" in the modern medical system somewhat awkward. Moreover, the composition of A. sinensis is too complex, with many active substances, like polysaccharides and phthalonide. However, it is still unclear how they work together and which ones are the key. Issues, such as standardized extraction and component comparison, directly affect its subsequent quality control and safety evaluation. Where should we go next? Or the combination of many omics could be a breakthrough. If methods such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics are used well, they can not only clearly understand how A. sinensis is synthesized and where its functions are, but also help us clarify whether different components are complementary, antagonistic or work independently. The focus of future research should be on developing standardized extracts, identifying core active ingredients, and introducing synthetic biology techniques to enhance their stability and therapeutic efficiency. Only in this way, can A. sinensis truly advance from traditional herbal medicine into the modern evidence-based medical system, and become a more reliable part of treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Acknowledgments The authors extend special thanks to Mr. Li for his assistance in organizing the literature during the preparation of this paper. Sincere gratitude is also expressed to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their thorough evaluation of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bi S.J., Fu R.J., Li J.J., Chen Y.Y., Tang Y.P., 2021, The bioactivities and potential clinical values of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides, Natural Product Communications, 16(3): 1934578X21997321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X21997321 Chen H., Chen X., Ping Z., Jiang X., Ge M., Ma J., Yu W., 2022, Promotion effect of Angelica sinensis extract on angiogenesis of chicken preovulatory follicles in vitro, Poultry Science, 101(7): 101938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101938 Chen L., Fan B., Wang F., Song Y., Wang X., Meng Y., Chen Y., Xia Q., Sun J., 2024, Research progress in pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Angelica sinensis against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, Molecules, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092100 Chen X., Li W., Xiao X., Zhang L., Liu C., 2013, Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Radix Angelica sinensis, Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 11(6): 577-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(13)60067-9
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