Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.5, 197-205 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 203 ginsenoside formation rate-limiting enzymes, cytochrome P450s, and glycosyltransferases, and polysaccharide synthases and the precursor activation pathways for polysaccharide synthesis. Multidisciplinary omics approaches, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, provided new insights into tissue-specific profiles of accumulation, regulatory networks, and environmental or developmental control of metabolite biosynthesis. The combined results have complemented our understanding of the molecular process underlying the generation and complexity of ginseng bioactive compounds. Understanding of ginsenoside and polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways has direct applications in the development and sustainable utilization of ginseng resources. Discovery of key genes, enzymes, and regulatory systems allows for specific metabolic engineering, uses of synthetic biology, and molecular breeding programs to enhance the yield and quality of metabolites. Furthermore, knowledge from pathway studies guides the standardization of ginseng products to give reproducible quality, efficacy, and safety for both traditional medicine and commercial purposes. Future research will likely focus on integrating multi-omics information to develop precise regulatory networks for ginsenoside and polysaccharide biosynthesis. Genome editing, CRISPR/Cas-directed pathway remodeling, and synthetic biology promise much for the targeted overexpression of active metabolites. Sustainable industrialization strategies like bioreactor-based production and optimized cultivation practices will also be crucial to meet global demand while preserving natural ginseng resources. In total, long-term interdisciplinary research will drive both fundamental knowledge and practical applications, bridging the divide between ginseng biosynthetic research and industrial and therapeutic uses. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank the research team for their full assistance during the course of the study and their strong support in the compilation of relevant materials. They also extend heartfelt gratitude to the two anonymous reviewers, whose constructive suggestions provided valuable guidance for further improving this manuscript Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Choi K., Jang W., Yang D., Cho J., Park D., and Lee S., 2019, Systems metabolic engineering strategies: integrating systems and synthetic biology with metabolic engineering, Trends Biotechnol, 37(8): 817-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.01.003 Di P., Sun Z., Cheng L., Han M., Yang L., and Yang L., 2023, LED light irradiations differentially affect the physiological characteristics, ginsenoside content, and expressions of ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway genes in Panax ginseng, Agriculture, 13(4): 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040807 Di P., Wang P., Yan M., Han P., Huang X., Yin L., Yan Y., Xu Y., and Wang Y., 2021, Genome-wide characterization and analysis of WRKY transcription factors in Panax ginseng, BMC Genomics, 22: 317. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-08145-5 Eom S., and Hyun T., 2025, MicroRNA-mediated regulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng and its biotechnological implications, Sci. Prog., 108(1): 00368504251332109. https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504251332109 Fang X., Wang H., Zhou X., Zhang J., and Xiao H., 2022, Transcriptome reveals insights into biosynthesis of ginseng polysaccharides, BMC Plant Biol., 22: 326. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03995-x García-Granados R., Lerma-Escalera J., and Morones-Ramírez J., 2019, Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology: synergies, future, and challenges, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7: 36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00036 Guo M., Shao S., Wang D., Zhao D., and Wang M., 2020, Recent progress in polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Food Funct., 11(12): 10386-10402. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo01896a Han T., Nazarbekov A., Zou X., and Lee S., 2023, Recent advances in systems metabolic engineering, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 84: 103004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103004
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