Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 188-196 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 191 metabolism, and suppresses cardiac cell apoptosis. Both cellular and animal studies confirm that AS-IV can prevent heart failure by regulating calcium homeostasis, promoting angiogenesis, and suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress (Chen et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2023). Clinical use of Astragalus products has been associated with improved cardiac function and reduced side effects in CHF patients (Tan et al., 2020) (Figure 2). Figure 2 Immunological Mechanisms of Astragalus membranaceus in the Treatment of Cardiomyopathy (Adopted from Chen et al., 2021) 4.2 Coronary heart disease and angina pectoris Astragalus membranaceus is used widely for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) and angina. AS-IV and structurally related compounds are ischemia- and hypoxia-preventive against myocardial injury, augment endothelium function, and augment angiogenesis. Clinical and preclinical studies show that Astragalus-preparations are able to reduce myocardial infarct size, increase ejection fraction, and reduce symptoms of angina pectoris. These are mediated via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms (Li et al., 2022; Xu et al., 2023). 4.3 Hypertension and myocardial ischemia protection Astragalus and its bioactive compounds have shown efficacy in lowering blood pressure and against myocardial ischemia. AS-IV and Astragalus polysaccharides regulate vascular endothelial function, block oxidative stress,
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