Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 178-187 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 185 activity of immune cells. The target sites of ASPs are quite broad, covering cytokines, signaling molecules and antioxidant enzymes, and they play regulatory roles in key pathways, like NF-κB, TLR4/MyD88 and STAT3. These mechanisms make it stand out in aspects, including hematopoietic support, immune regulation and tissue protection. But, most of the existing evidence remains at the level of in vitro experiments and animal models, and clinical verification is still insufficient. At present, there is still a lack of standardized large-scale clinical trials to confirm the efficacy, and safety of ASPs in humans. Data on pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and the optimal dosing regimen are also limited. In addition, the differences in extraction methods and structural heterogeneity, have also increased the difficulty of dose standardization and clinical application. Future research needs to introduce multi-omics technologies, such as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, to further analyze the action targets and molecular pathways of ASPs and deepen the understanding of the structure-activity relationship. Meanwhile, attempts can be made to develop derivatives, or carry out structural modifications, and with the aid of novel delivery systems, like nanoparticles, its activity and targeting can be enhanced. With the advancement of these directions, ASPs are expected to gradually evolve from laboratory achievements to effective drugs and functional health products, providing new options for clinical treatment and the health industry. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank Ms. Wang for reviewing the manuscript and providing valuable suggestions, which contributed to its improvement. Additionally, heartfelt gratitude is extended to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their comprehensive evaluation of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bi S.J., Fu R.J., Li J.J., Chen Y.Y., and Tang Y.P., 2021, The bioactivities and potential clinical values of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides, Natural Product Communications, 16(3): 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X21997321 Cai Y., Wang Y., Su W., Zhou X., and Lu C., 2024, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin-mediated malignant biological behaviors of breast cancer cells via the miR-3187-3p/PCDH10 axis, Biochemical Pharmacology, 225: 116295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116295 Cheng F., Zhang Y., Li Q., Zeng F., and Wang K., 2020, Inhibition of dextran sodium sulfate-induced experimental colitis in mice by Angelica sinensis polysaccharide, Journal of Medicinal Food, 23(6): 584-592. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.4607 Cheng Y., Zhou J., Li Q., Liu Y., Wang K., and Zhang Y., 2016, The effects of polysaccharides from the root of Angelica sinensis on tumor growth and iron metabolism in H22-bearing mice, Food and Function, 7(2): 1033-1039. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo00855g Du K., Wang L., Wang Z., Xiao H., Hou J., Hu L., Fan N., and Wang Y., 2023, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide antagonizes 5-fluorouracil-induced spleen injury and dysfunction by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 162: 114602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114602 Gu P., Wusiman A., Wang S., Zhang Y., Liu Z., Hu Y., Liu J., and Wang D., 2019, Polyethylenimine-coated PLGA nanoparticles-encapsulated Angelica sinensis polysaccharide as an adjuvant to enhance immune responses, Carbohydrate Polymers, 223: 115128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115128 Hou C., Chen L., Yang L., and Ji X., 2020, An insight into anti-inflammatory effects of natural polysaccharides, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 153: 248-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.315 Hou C., Yin M., Lan P., Wang H., Nie H., and Ji X., 2021, Recent progress in the research of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels polysaccharides: extraction, purification, structure and bioactivities, Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 8(1): 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-021-00214-x Hu Q., Wu C., Yu J., Luo J., and Peng X., 2022, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide improves rheumatoid arthritis by modifying the expression of intestinal Cldn5, Slit3 and Rgs18 through gut microbiota, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 209: 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.090
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