Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 169-177 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 174 Figure 2 Ginseng shows its potential therapeutic effects on a variety of diseases through the regulation of gut microbiota in animal models (Adopted from Chen et al., 2022) 8 Concluding Remarks Cumulative evidence is demonstrated to demonstrate that gut microbiota is implicated in modulating the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ginseng. Gut microbiota is subjected to biotransformation by enzymatic biotransformation with ginsenosides and other structurally related compounds into metabolites with greater bioavailability and pharmacological activity, e.g., compound K. Microbial-mediated conversions have direct effects on systemic exposure, tissue distribution, and therapeutic effect of ginseng. Moreover, cross-talk
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