Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 161-168 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 166 ratios) were shown to improve yield, soil fertility, and physiological traits, revealing the importance of validating laboratory findings in the real environment. Furthermore, field studies on drought stress and allelopathy illustrate that stress responses can be intensified or interact differently in the field compared to controlled environments (Zhong et al., 2023). 7.2 Establishment of evaluation systems for stress tolerance Developing robust evaluation systems is necessary to ascertain stress tolerance in S. mukorossi. Contemporary research emphasizes the use of multiple combined indices—i.e., seedling vigor, root and shoot biomass, physiological characteristics, and tolerance indices—to evaluate performance collectively under various stressors, such as drought and heavy metals (Selvaraj et al., 2020; Sahito et al., 2023). Factor analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were employed to filter out the key soil and plant characteristics that are correlated with stress tolerance, providing a scientific basis for standardization evaluation protocols (Liu et al., 2024a). 7.3 Optimization of seedling quality standards and cultivation systems Seedling quality criteria and cultivation systems can be streamlined through the translation of research into practice recommendations. High-vigor seedling selection, balanced fertilization, and substrate optimization have been recommended to achieve maximum stress tolerance and productivity (Liu et al., 2022). Furthermore, habitat modeling and climate adaptation studies offer the foundation for developing region-specific cultivation strategies, ensuring that S. mukorossi seedlings are best suited for ecological restoration and industrial applications under environmental changes (Liu et al., 2022a). 8 Concluding Remarks The latest studies on Sapindus mukorossi seedlings have pointed out the pivotal developments in their stress tolerance mechanism. Research has indicated the pivotal physiological and biochemical mechanisms, including osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense, enzyme protection, as well as molecular regulatory networks implicating stress signal perception, hormone cross-talk, transcription factor activity (e.g., MYB, WRKY, NAC, bZIP), functional genes and proteins (e.g., LEA proteins, HSPs, antioxidant enzymes), and epigenetic regulation. Multi-omics approaches, together with transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics, have also further clarified the complex interactions underlying stress responses and identified potential targets for seedling tolerance enhancement. Integration of molecular information with good cultivation practices is of utmost importance for improving S. mukorossi seedling performance. Traditional nursery practices, molecular breeding, gene editing, and microbial symbiosis technologies can be used best for optimization in seedling production with increased drought, low-temperature, salinity, and pest/disease stress resistance. The combined approach links fundamental research and applied methods so that stress-resistant seedlings have excellent survival, satisfactory growth, and plantation establishment over a prolonged period. Following molecular and multi-omics understanding of stress tolerance, the subsequent efforts are needed towards the areas of molecular breeding programs for the development of elite stress-tolerant S. mukorossi cultivars, optimization of nursery and cultivation protocols, and ecological restoration and commercial culturing. Synergistic application of precision molecular tools and applied culture technologies is anticipated to enhance seedling quality, industrial yields, and underpin sustainable development in the S. mukorossi industry. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank the research team for their meticulous support and active assistance in data collection and literature organization, which provided a solid foundation for the successful completion of this study. The authors also extend heartfelt gratitude to the two anonymous studyers for their valuable comments and constructive suggestions. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==