Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 161-168 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 164 4.3 Proteomics and functional protein network analysis Proteomics provides direct quantification of stress response-related proteins and post-translational modifications. With the use of S. mukorossi, proteomic analysis can detect differentially abundant proteins such as heat shock proteins, LEA proteins, and antioxidant enzymes that have significant functions in cell protection and repair during stress. Functional protein network analysis describes the protein interaction further with the identification of significant hubs and pathways controlling stress response (Roychowdhury et al., 2023; Singh et al., 2023). 4.4 Multi-omics integration revealing regulatory networks of stress tolerance Integration of transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics offers a complete view of the regulatory networks that govern stress tolerance in S. mukorossi. Multi-omics enables the identification of candidate gene, protein, and metabolite and their elucidation in coordinated regulation under stress. This integration identifies sophisticated cascades of signaling, metabolic adaptation, and protein interaction, providing a systems-level understanding that can be applied to precision breeding and genetic engineering for enhanced stress tolerance (Gupta et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023; Sarfraz et al., 2025). 5 Stress-Resistant Improvement Methods in S. mukorossi Seedling Cultivation 5.1 Traditional nursery management practices Enhancement of substrate composition, regulation of water and fertilizer supply, and application of exogenous hormones are the basis for enhancing stress resistance in S. mukorossi seedlings. Nutrient fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at optimum levels significantly improves soil quality, root fineness, and leaf physico-chemical properties, leading to enhanced yield as well as stress acclimation. However, over-fertilization can have negative impacts on soil structure and plant physiology, underpinning the necessity of precise management of nutrients (Figure 2). Techniques such as seed dormancy-breaking treatments (e.g., sulfuric acid scarification) also increase seed germination percentages and seedling vigor, improving strong establishment under stress (Gao et al., 2023; Kheloufi et al., 2024; Liu et al., 2024a). Figure 2 Redundancy analysis (RDA) between soil properties and leaf physiological traits. Soil factors are indicated by solid arrows. Leaf properties are indicated by dashed lines. The first (horizontal) and second (vertical) axes explain 20.07% and 15.23% of the variation. ** means that correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (Adopted from Liu et al., 2024a) 5.2 Molecular breeding and utilization of stress-resistance gene resources Molecular breeding employs genetic variation and stress-resistance gene pools to produce improved S. mukorossi varieties. Genome sequencing and population genetic research conducted in recent years have identified candidate
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