Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 161-168 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 163 Comparative studies in other plants, such as Lycium ruthenicum and rice, highlight conserved functions of the MYB, WRKY, NAC, and bZIP families in regulating stress tolerance through gene regulatory networks (Wang et al., 2018). 3.3 Stress-responsive genes and functional proteins Selective sweep and association mapping in S. mukorossi have also identified genes that encode functional proteins such as SmPCBP2 and SmCSLD1 involved in stress adaptation and important agronomic traits (Xue et al., 2022). Direct evidence from research on LEA proteins, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and antioxidant enzyme genes in S. mukorossi are under restriction, the presence of these gene families in the genome and well-studied functions in other species suggests their likely function in tolerance to stresses (Wang et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2023). For example, the genes for antioxidant enzymes are upregulated in salt and drought stress in S. mukorossi and other model plants. 3.4 Epigenetic regulation Despite the fact that direct research on epigenetic regulation in M. pomifera is not yet published, having a chromosome-scale genome assembly provides a platform for epigenetic research on DNA methylation, histone modification, and regulation by small RNAs in later research. All of these epigenetic mechanisms are known to control gene expression under stress in the majority of plant species and are likely also to play an important role in S. mukorossi (Xue et al., 2022; Song et al., 2023). 4 Multi-Omics Analysis of Stress Tolerance Mechanisms in Sapindus mukorossi 4.1 Applications of transcriptomics in stress response studies Transcriptomics enables systematic description of abiotic stress-related gene expression modification in S. mukorossi, with the identification of significant regulatory genes and pathways implicated in stress adaptation. High-throughput RNA sequencing identifies abiotic stress-responsive differentially expressed genes in hormone signaling, antioxidant defense, and osmotic adjustment, providing targets for breeding and genetic engineering. Transcriptome data also allow new stress-responsive genes to be identified and the comprehension of intricate networks of stress-tolerant genes (Gupta et al., 2023; Singh et al., 2023). 4.2 Metabolomics insights into secondary metabolites associated with stress tolerance Metabolomics demonstrates the dynamic change of primary and secondary metabolites in response to stress, such as the accumulation of osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and some secondary metabolites that provide tolerance to stress. In S. mukorossi and other woody plants, metabolomic investigations have identified molecules like proline, flavonoids, and phenolics with protective roles against drought, salinity, and heat stress (Sochacki and Vogt, 2022). These results help link metabolic pathways to physiological responses noticed and identify biomarkers for stress tolerance (Razzaq et al., 2021; Mondal et al., 2024) (Figure 1). Figure 1 Chemical structure description of the pulp of Sapindus mukorossi (Adopted from Sochacki and Vogt, 2022)
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