MPR_2025v15n3

Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 129-141 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 138 Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank Dr. Wang for reviewing the manuscript and providing valuable suggestions, which contributed to its improvement. Additionally, heartfelt gratitude is extended to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their comprehensive evaluation of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Arafa E.S.A., Refaey M.S., Abd El-Ghafar O.A., Hassanein E.H., and Sayed A.M., 2021, The promising therapeutic potentials of ginsenosides mediated through p38 MAPK signaling inhibition, Heliyon, 7(11): e08354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08354 Bruggink V., Gutjahr C., Decker A., Engelbrecht H., Beekmann U., Kralisch D., Werner M., Schädel P., Jordan P., Werz O., and Hofstetter R., 2025, Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng modulate lipid mediator profiles in human leukocytes by interference with cellular 5-lipoxygenase activity, Biochemical Pharmacology, 116882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2025.116882 Chen J., Fang W.X., Li S.J., Xiao S.X., Li H.J., and Situ Y.L., 2021, Protective effect of ginsenoside Rd on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity, World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 7(3): 383-390. https://doi.org/10.4103/WJTCM.WJTCM_12_21 Cheng Z., Zhang M., Ling C., Zhu Y., Ren H., Hong C., Qin J., Liu T., and Wang J., 2019, Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides against cerebral ischemia, Molecules, 24(6): 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061102 Dong X., Zheng L., Lu S., and Yang Y., 2017, Neuroprotective effects of pretreatment of ginsenoside Rb1 on severe cerebral ischemia-induced injuries in aged mice: Involvement of anti-oxidant signaling, Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(2): 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12699 Fan W., Fan L., Wang Z., Mei Y., Liu L., Li L., Yang L., and Wang Z., 2024, Rare ginsenosides: A unique perspective of ginseng research, Journal of Advanced Research, 66: 303–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.003 Fan W., Huang Y., Zheng H., Li S., Li Z., Yuan L., Cheng X., He C., and Sun J., 2020, Ginsenosides for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: Pharmacology and mechanisms, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 132: 110915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110915 Gao H., Kang N., Hu C., Zhang Z., Xu Q., Liu Y., and Yang S., 2020, Ginsenoside Rb1 exerts anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo by modulating toll-like receptor 4 dimerization and NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathways, Phytomedicine, 69: 153197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153197 Gao Y., Li J., Wang J., Li X., Li J., Chu S., Li L., Chen N., and Zhang L., 2020b, Ginsenoside Rg1 prevent and treat inflammatory diseases: A review, International Immunopharmacology, 87: 106805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106805 Guo J., Wang R., and Min F., 2022, Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 112(5): 1065-1077. https://doi.org/10.1002/JLB.1A0422-211R He M., Halima M., Xie Y., Schaaf M.J., Meijer A.H., and Wang M., 2020, Ginsenoside Rg1 acts as a selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist with anti-inflammatory action without affecting tissue regeneration in zebrafish larvae, Cells, 9(5): 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9051107 Hsieh Y.H., Deng J.S., Chang Y.S., and Huang G.J., 2018, Ginsenoside Rh2 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by regulating the TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Raf-1/MEK/ERK, and Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways in mice, Nutrients, 10(9): 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091208 Huang W.C., Huang T.H., Yeh K.W., Chen Y.L., Shen S.C., and Liou C.J., 2021, Ginsenoside Rg3 ameliorates allergic airway inflammation and oxidative stress in mice, Journal of Ginseng Research, 45(6): 654-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2021.03.002 Huynh D.T.N., Baek N., Sim S., Myung C.S., and Heo K.S., 2020, Minor ginsenoside Rg2 and Rh1 attenuates LPS-induced acute liver and kidney damages via downregulating activation of TLR4-STAT1 and inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(18): 6656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186656 Hyun S.H., Bhilare K.D., In G., Park C.K., and Kim J.H., 2022, Effects of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides on oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases: pharmacological and therapeutic roles, Journal of Ginseng Research, 46(1): 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2021.07.007

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