Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 99-109 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 105 biosynthesis genes related to the quality of kernel fatty acids. The study also detected genes of different groups under selection pressure, like CAMTA, GH3, NLRC3 and R1, through methods like XP-CLR. Figure 2 Basic information and descriptive statistics of the resequenced Sapindus accessions in China. (a) Geographical distribution of the Sapindus accessions. (Generated by ArcGIS 10.5). (b) Representative photos of resequenced Sapindus accessions. (A) S. mukorossi from Dejiang county, Guizhou province. (B) S. mukorossi from Dingnan county, Jiangxi province. (C) S. rarak from Lincang city, Yunnan province. (D) S. delavayi from Xinjin county, Sichuan province. (E) S. delavayi from Shilin county, Yunnan province. (F) S. mukorossi from Changsha city, Hunan province. (G) S. mukorossi from Zhenfeng county, Guizhou province. (H) S. rarak from Lincang city, Yunnan province. (I) S. mukorossi from Lianyungang city, Jiangsu province. (J) S. rarak from Menghan county, Yunnan province. (K) S. mukorossi from Jianning county, Fujian province. (L) S. mukorossi from Zhenfeng county, Guizhou province. (c) Genome-wide SNP descriptive statistics of resequenced S. mukorossi (SM), S. delavayi (SD) and S. rarak (SR) accessions. *, **, *** indicates statistically significant different (Kruskal test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). (d) Density plot of alternative allele frequency of S. mukorossi (A), S. delavayi (B) and S. rarak (C) (Adopted from Liu et al., 2025) 6.2 Chromosome-level assembly and population diversity analysis of Sapindus mukorossi Sapindus mukorossi is a Sapindus tree species of significant economic value. Its fruit is rich in saponins and oils and is widely used in fields, like biomedicine, biodiesel and biochemistry (Sun et al., 2018; Xue et al., 2022). To better understand the genetic basis and evolutionary history of Sapindus mukorossi, Xue et al. (2022) conducted an in-depth analysis of its genome, and reported the chromosome-level genome assembly of the first Sapindus mukorossi, with a genome size of approximately 391 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 24.66 Mb. By resequencing 104 Sapindus mukorossi germplasm resources, researchers analyzed the genetic structure and evolution of Sapindus mukorossi. Population genetic analysis indicates that the genetic diversity in the southwest distribution area is relatively higher than that in the northeast distribution area. The gene flow event indicates that the species in the southwest region might be the donor population in the distribution area of China. Genome-wide selective scanning analysis indicates that, a large number of genes are involved in defense responses, growth and development, including SmRPS2, SmRPS4, SmRPS7, SmNAC2, SmNAC23, SmNAC102, SmWRKY6, SmWRKY26 and SmWRKY33 (Figure 3). The study also identified candidate genes controlling six agronomic traits through genome-wide association studies, containing SmPCBP2, SmbHLH1, SmCSLD1, SmPP2C, SmLRR-RKs and SmAHP.
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