Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 88-98 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 96 In terms of safety, there is still a lack of information on the appropriate dosage, risk assessment, and regulatory support for flavonoids in chrysanthemums. Now, a systematic health efficacy evaluation system has not yet been formed. Some details cannot be ignored, such as the differences in ingredients caused by different cultivars, and different origins, and their mechanisms still need to be further studied. In the future, research can make further progress from several directions. On the one hand, the integration of multi-omics technologies will help enhance the efficiency of identifying key active flavonoids and the depth of analysis of their functional mechanisms. On the other hand, the green extraction process still needs further optimization, such as achieving a balance between purity improvement and energy consumption control. At the same time, integrating modern nutrition and food science, developing functional foods that better meet individualized needs and have clear targeted effects will also be an important direction. Of course, the sensory experience of consumers cannot be ignored, and preclinical safety assessment also needs to be carried out simultaneously. Only in this way can Hangbaiju truly achieve a comprehensive leap from traditional drinking to modern precision nutrition. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank Dr. Wang for reviewing the manuscript and providing valuable suggestions. Additionally, heartfelt gratitude is extended to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their comprehensive evaluation of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Cai R., Zhao L., and Suo M., 2024, Active essence of Chrysanthemum morifolium: comprehensive study of chemical characteristics and bioactivity, Medicinal Plant Research, 14: 0004. https://doi.org/10.5376/mpr.2024.14.0004 Chaves J., De Souza M., Da Silva L., Lachos-Perez D., Torres-Mayanga P., Da Fonseca Machado A., Forster-Carneiro T., Vá zquez-Espinosa M., Gonzá lez-De-Peredo A., Barbero G., and Rostagno M.A., 2020, Extraction of flavonoids from natural sources using modern techniques, Frontiers in Chemistry, 8: 507887. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.507887 Chen L., Liu Y., Huang X., Zhu Y., Li J., Miao Y., Du H., and Liu D., 2021, Comparison of chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of different varieties of Chrysanthemum Flosin China, Chemistry & Biodiversity, 18(8): e2100206. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202100206 Chen S., Liu J., Dong G., Zhang X., Liu Y., Sun W., and Liu A., 2021, Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids in Chrysanthemum morifoliumRamat flowers: a potentially rich source of bioactive compounds, Food Chemistry, 344: 128733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128733 Dong X., Huang H., Wang R., Luo S., Mi Y., Pan Y., Shen W., Cui J., Hu X., Cheng X., Shi X., and Wang H., 2023, High-speed counter-current chromatography assisted preparative isolation of phenolic compounds from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifoliumcv. Fubaiju, Journal of Separation Science, 46(19): 2300172. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202300172 Gong J., Chu B., Gong L., Fang Z., Zhang X., Qiu S., Wang J., Xiang Y., Xiao G., Yuan H., and Zheng F., 2019, Comparison of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activities of fifteen Chrysanthemum morifoliumRamat cv. ‘Hangbaiju’ in China, Antioxidants, 8(8): 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080325 Gong J., Weng Q., Sun J., Wang D., Qiu S., Li L., Chu B., Xiao G., Liu S., and Zheng F., 2021, Steam explosion pretreatment alters the composition of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities in Chrysanthemum morifoliumRamat cv. “Hangbaiju”, Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 45(6): e15376. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15376 Han Y., Zhou M., Wang L., Ying X., Peng J., Jiang M., Bai G., and Luo G., 2015, Comparative evaluation of different cultivars of Flos Chrysanthemiby an anti-inflammatory-based NF-κB reporter gene assay coupled to UPLC-Q/TOF MS with PCA and ANN, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 174: 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.044 Hao D.C., Song Y., Xiao P., Zhong Y., Wu P., and Xu L., 2022, The genus Chrysanthemum: phylogeny, biodiversity, phytometabolites, and chemodiversity, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 973197. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.973197
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