Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 71-79 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 75 5.2 Market demand and competitive advantages of off-season cultivation Leonurus japonicus is finding increasing market globally, particularly in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Round the year, consistent supply of quality raw material by off-season production compensates for the seasonality factor with traditional production. It is necessitated for the reliability anticipated by pharmaceutical industries, where the production needs to be continued through assured supply chain. Additionally, environmental control technology enables the optimization of temperature, humidity, and light, which results in a higher concentration of active substances and thus greater market competitiveness (Krishna et al., 2024). As a result of the continuous demand for standardized and certified herbal products by consumers, off-season production has enormous potential in international markets. It is by this model that the manufacturers are able to get more market segment and also increasing brand strength, and developing the overall market profitability (Kumar et al., 2024). 5.3 Challenges and solutions in technology promotion and application Despite the profound advantages of environmental control technology in Leonurus japonicus cultivation, its extensive use is frustrated by many barriers. The existence of such equipment at a high capital cost becomes a problem to small-scale and medium-scale farmers, with technical expertise for the maintenance of such systems making it inaccessible. In addition, the intensified energy character of electric lighting and air conditioner equipment can put environmental pressures, especially in fossil fuel-electricity-based locations (Wang, 2024). The problems need to be addressed by policy action and technology innovation. Governments and farms can mitigate economic burdens using subsidies and low-cost financing. Computerized technologies with user-friendly interfaces, and training programs, can reduce the amount of technical knowledge required, opening environmental control technology to more growers. Incorporation of green energies such as solar power-fueled greenhouses can potentially reduce energy costs as well as carbon emissions, rendering controlled cultivation systems sustainable (Pitschmann et al., 2017). It has to be industry, research, and policy collaboration to establish conditions conducive to the extensive application of environmental control technology for the advantage of long-term profit in the cultivation of Leonurus japonicus. 6 Technical Challenges and Future Directions for Controlled Cultivation 6.1 Operational bottlenecks and technical difficulties in environmental control systems Leonurus japonicus culture in controlled environmental conditions is subjected to various operational limitations. Among these, one of the primary challenges lies in the precise control of environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and light, which have a crucial function to play in optimizing plant growth and yield of bioactive compounds. The complexities of integrating these systems to operate in harmony consist of technical complexities, particularly the provision of uniform conditions mimicking natural growth conditions (Leem et al., 2017). In addition, the cost and energy price associated with such systems may be out of reach for their widespread use in big business (Wu et al., 2016). 6.2 Stability of Leonurus japonicus quality and regulation of bioactive components Maintenance of Leonurus japonicus stability in quality and regulation of its bioactive compounds is another issue that has to be addressed with utmost urgency. Variability in environmental conditions has the potential to make the bioactive content vary in concentration, which has a bearing on the medicinal property of the plant. The studies on the cultivation method of Leonurus japonicus emphasize the necessity of standard cultivation methods for attaining high quality and quantity. The imposition of stringent standards for soil picking, fertilization, and pest control can stabilize the quality and enhance the bioactive characteristics of the plant (Xiao et al., 2017). 6.3 Future directions in technological intelligence and green development In the future, integrating technical intelligence and green development strategies holds great promise for the cultivation of Leonurus japonicus. Smart farm technologies such as IoT-based monitoring systems and analytics driven by AI will improve environmental control systems to be more precise and efficient. These technologies have the capability to provide real-time data and predicted information to enable more responsive and adaptive cultivation practices. Besides, paying attention to sustainable operations, such as the use of renewable energy and green materials, can reduce the environmental cost of cultivation business and achieve world green development goals (Garran et al., 2019; Ahmed et al., 2024) (Figure 2).
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