Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 71-79 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 74 response (Sinčák et al., 2023). These technologies also enable sustainable manufacture of medicinal plants by reducing the utilization of natural populations and cultivation of threatened species through in vitro techniques. Heat stress management has also been enhanced through techniques designed to enhance the heat tolerance of medicinal plants, which is pertinent in consideration of the fact of climate change (Dsouza et al., 2024). 4 Optimization Research on Off-season Cultivation Technology 4.1 Optimization methods for cultivation substrates and soil improvement Substrate choice and optimization of cultivation substrates are accountable for the maximum growth of Leonurus japonicum. Experiments have proven that substrates with good water retention, nutrient availability, and good aeration significantly enhance root growth and plant biomass. Organic substrates such as composted manure and biochar have been used to add structure and nutrient content to the soil and reduce the risk of soil-borne disease. Besides, soilless culture systems including hydroponics and coco peat media have also been widely researched in order to optimize growth efficiency under controlled conditions. These systems promote controlled nutrient supply and reduced dependency on natural soil conditions and hence are extremely suitable for off-season cultivation (Yokoyama, 2013). 4.2 Effects of environmental control on efficient cultivation of Leonurus japonicus Environmental control technology offers the possibility of exact control of temperature, humidity, light intensity, and CO2 concentration, all of which must be kept within ranges to successfully propagate Leonurus japonicus. Experimentation has identified assistance with optimum temperatures of 20 °C-25 °C and relative humidity of 60%-70% that favors rapid germination and luxuriant vegetative growth. Artificial light devices, for example, LED lights with custom-made spectra of light, have been employed to enhance the photosynthesis and secondary metabolite production efficiency. Mixed blue and red light, for example, has been reported to significantly increase flavonoid and alkaloid content, which are the active compounds found in Leonurus japonicus. Besides, CO2 enrichment of controlled growth conditions increases biomass and photosynthesis accumulation, with yield increases of up to 30% documented under ideal CO2 (Du et al., 2020). 4.3 Recent advances in efficient cultivation models and technological innovations Current cultivations have focused on combining automation and precision technology for maximum productivity and resource use. Intelligent agriculture systems with IoT sensors and programmatic AI management allow real-time monitoring and environmental regulation of parameters, offering uniform growing conditions for Leonurus japonicus. Vertical farming has also been found to be a feasible replacement, with increased space utilization and scalability (Zhang et al., 2023). In addition, nutrient supply has been optimized through the incorporation of fertigation techniques, which deliver specified amounts of water and nutrients into the root zone in minimized wastage and maximized nutrient utilization efficiency. Other biotechnological interventions using microbial consortia and biostimulants have further enhanced growth and stress resistance of the plants, with promising areas for productive and sustainable production techniques for off-season production (Li et al., 2017). 5 Economic Benefits and Market Prospects of Off-season Cultivation of Leonurus japonicus 5.1 Cost-benefit analysis of environmental control technology Its applications in Leonurus japonicus cultivation are in energy-saving equipment, machinery, and greenhouses. Its running cost, such as electricity used in temperature regulation, humidification, and additional lighting, is an equally significant expense. All these expenses are offset by higher yields and product quality. Experiments have confirmed that optimization of environmental conditions can ideally improve the production of active constituents like flavonoids and alkaloids by 30% that significantly increases medicinally valuable content and market value of Leonurus japonicus (Vályi-Nagy et al., 2024). Further, proper irrigation and fertigation greatly reduce water and nutrient loss and thus improve efficiency in use of the resources and reducing the total production cost in the long term. The comparatively low payback period offered by these technologies makes them economically viable for mass production, offering farmers a sustainable model for profitable farming (Kaushik and Ameta, 2014).
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